As stated in the abstract, a review of the articles "Physics of Gravity" and "The Picture of the World by the Second Law of Thermodynamics" is offered [1], [2]. In other words, the article proposes an alternative version of the physics of gravity and rejects all existing ones put forward over the past hundred years. The proposed hypothesis is based on the concepts of classical Newton physics, the planetary model of the structure of the atom.

The article consists of two main parts. The first part is the proposed version with comments and additions, the second part is a criticism of existing versions. The very fact of the existence of many versions is evidence of the relevance of the topic of gravity. The article is constructive in nature, since a new alternative version, a hypothesis, is proposed. The proposed hypothesis explains the physics of gravity as such and the inverse temperature dependence of the forces of gravity. All existing versions (theories) of gravity physics do not even note the inverse temperature dependence of gravity forces.

Proposed Version

The articles [1], [2] are conceptually related. The articles present the mechanism of formation of gravitational forces as a cumulative reaction of gyroscopic forces of rotation of electrons to the external impact of the expansion of the Universe. The articles also note the inverse temperature dependence of the forces of gravity, namely, an increase in the temperature of objects reduces the forces of gravity, and vice versa. The inverse temperature dependence is explained by the change in the rigidity of interatomic, intramolecular, intermolecular bonds depending on the temperature of the object. Interatomic, intermolecular bonds are schematically represented in the form of a lattice. Electron rotation is the dynamic part of the gyroscope, interatomic and intermolecular bonds are the static part of the gyroscope. The reaction of the dynamic part is transmitted to the static part of the gyroscope. The result from external influence (gravity) depends on the rigidity of the lattice. As the temperature increases, the rigidity of the lattice decreases, and vice versa. For example, an increase in stiffness increases the effect of the reaction of the gyroscopic forces of electron rotation on the lattice itself, thereby increasing gravity, and vice versa. The proposed article [1] presents an attempt to explain the quadratic dependence of gravity forces on the distance between objects.

To understand the work of the forces of gravity, it is necessary to constantly keep in mind that the expansion of the Universe is initially, everywhere, constantly, isotropic. Accordingly, the reaction (gravity) is initially, everywhere, constantly, isotropic. Yes, there is a gravitational field. Any field must have an energy source. For the forces of gravity, this energy source is the energy of the Big Bang and its consequences – the expansion of the Universe. This field extends to the entire universe. This is an indirect proof of the common origin of all things. Yes, there are controversial statements about the fact of the Big Bang. In any case, by indirect signs, we are in the phase of the expansion process. Moreover, it is quite possible that this expansion has a local character on the scale of the multiverse.

 The main property of the gyroscope is the desire to maintain its original position, the desire to return to its original position. It is this property that is the main one in the formation of the forces of gravity and inertia. The proposed hypothesis does not question the existing calculation base, since it has an empirical basis.

The article "The Picture of the World by the Second Law of Thermodynamics" [2] presents chapters: Gravity, Biography of the Earth, Physics of Global warming-cooling cycles, The Multiverse.

Criticism of existing versions

The main, dominant, generally accepted version on the topic of gravity is the General Theory of Relativity. In Russian there is an expression "porridge in the head". In this theory, everything is piled up, everything is confused, and everything is twisted. Let's try to clarify. To begin with, you just need to divide it all into separate parts. In physics, these parts are little connected. These are concepts that need to be separated: the concept of relativity, the concept of the limit of the speed of light, the concept of space-time, the concept of gravity. When we separate these concepts, we will see that nothing will remain of Einstein.

The concept of relativity. The concept of relativity is reflected in the Lorentz transformations, it all. Here we must understand that, first of all, the concept of speed is relative. Another thing is that the Lorentz transformations show illusions that can occur at near-light speeds. Illusions consist in the fact that in reality nothing decreases or increases, time does not slow down or accelerate. Illusions are associated with the limit of the speed of light, with the speed of signal transmission. The Lorentz transformations are actually the theory of relativity.

The concept of the limit of the speed of light. The limit of the speed of light is similar to the limit of the speed of sound. It must be admitted that the concept of relativity and the concept of the limit of the speed of light are still connected. Consider an example about the speed of sound. An observer on the ground heard the sound of aircraft engines. At the moment when the observer heard this sound, the plane in reality had already landed at the airport. The example is exaggerated for understanding. The illusion at this moment can be called the sound itself, and the alleged location of the aircraft, and everything related to this phenomenon. The situation is similar about the speed of light. Yes, the speed of light is limited relative to the light source. And who and what can limit the speed of the source itself? In the article [2] it has been suggested that dark matter is material objects that move relative to us at superluminal speed. This option is quite possible with the addition of speeds, the formation of multidirectional portable speeds.

The speed of signal transmission is absolutely related to the speed of light. Accordingly, all navigation adjustments are primarily related to the signal transmission rate. It was the signal transmission rate, the limitation of the signal transmission rate that set the blinders in Einstein's theory. On this basis, it was concluded that the existence of superluminal velocities in nature is impossible. If we cannot fix the superluminal speed, it does not mean that such a speed cannot exist in nature.

The concept of space-time. Space-time should be understood in a classical way. For example, each material object at a given time corresponds to its place in space, a material object cannot simultaneously be in two or more places in space. Everything else is from the evil one.

The concept of gravity. To explain gravity by some kind of curvature of space-time is absolutely unacceptable. It is also unacceptable to represent the curvature of space-time in the form of a geometric surface. Even if this is possible, it turns out that gravity is explained through gravity. In other words, gravity is explained according to the scheme: the ball rolls (on an inclined surface) because it rolls.   According to this scheme, it turns out that the sun shines because it shines, the bird flies because it flies, and so on. Mathematical feints with vector algebra will not help here.

The general theory of relativity has the following construction. Lorentz transformations act as a screen. Behind this screen are hidden perverted concepts of the limit of the speed of light, space-time and gravity. All together we get the General Theory of Relativity. Now it remains to pass off any manifestation of gravity as proof of this theory. Gravity is omnipresent. There are no problems with the evidence. Perverted logic has given rise to a perverted theory.

There is no need to list and analyse the other versions (theories) on the physics of gravity. All these versions (theories) are in the nature of assumptions, guesses, and fantasies. Any manifestation of the effect of gravity is presented as proof of these theories. All these theories conflict with each other.

The gravitational field has a universal character. The fixation of gravitational waves (LIGO) is presented as a source of gravity. It would be correct to call these waves gravitational perturbation waves. This definition is quite consistent with field theory and wave theory.

The main conclusion of the article is that the gyroscopic forces of rotation of electrons are the basis for the formation of gravitational forces. The forces of gravity are the cumulative reaction of the gyroscopic forces of rotation of electrons from the expansion of the universe. It should also be noted that the expansion of the Universe has an isotropic character, gravitational forces act on everything that exists initially and constantly. Gravity is an indirect evidence of the common origin of all things – visible and invisible.

The basis of the forces of gravity is the dynamics of the rotation of electrons, the cumulative gyroscopic forces from the rotation of electrons. When the temperature and distances between objects change, the forces of interatomic, intermolecular and intermolecular bonds, which form a kind of rigid lattice, have the main influence on the change in the forces of gravity. The formation of a "rigid lattice" does not contradict the concepts of nuclear interactions. Changes in body temperature, distances between bodies change the rigidity of this lattice, respectively, reaction forces, respectively, gravity forces. It is also necessary to note the general nature of the forces of gravity and inertia.

Before the publication of articles on gravity related to the gyroscopic forces of rotation of electrons, there was an opinion that the forces of gravity prevent the expansion of the Universe. The proposed series of articles clarifies that the forces of gravity are caused by the Expansion of the Universe, and indeed in dynamics they hinder the Expansion of the Universe like the forces of inertia. The Earth is in the Solar System conglomerate, the Solar System is in the Milky Way Galaxy conglomerate, the Milky Way is in the Universe conglomerate. All these conglomerates are initially under the influence of the Big Bang impulse. The kinetic energy of the explosion is partially transformed into the potential energy of gravitational forces. It should also be noted that there is a process of expansion on the scale of the Universe, and a process of compression on the scale of the galaxy.   This phenomenon of dualism does not contradict the dynamics of the expansion of the Universe as a whole.

Regarding the existing versions (theories) on the topic of gravity dominant and non-dominant - everyone has the right to express their opinion. But, the truth is more expensive.

Any scientific experiment has scientific results. Conclusions are drawn based on these results. However, the conclusions do not always reflect objective reality. Science is designed to objectively reflect reality. For example, there is gravity and there is an inverse temperature dependence of the forces of gravity. None of the theories of gravity reflects this inverse temperature dependence. Conclusions should be multidisciplinary in nature. Conclusions should have a connection, reflect the connection with related areas in the topic. These connections help each other, do not allow research to reach a dead end. An example is the material presented in the article "The picture of the world according to the second law of thermodynamics" [2]. The multidisciplinary approach serves as a verification calculation.

The criticism is addressed not so much to the authors of the theories as to the collective mind.

1. Kuzminov IV. “The Physics of Gravity. Breakthrough Hypothesis”. WASET Conference.
2. Kuzminov IV. “Picture of the World by the Second Law of Thermodynamic”. WASET Conference.
3. Professor Dmitriev AL. A simple experiment confirming the negative temperature dependence of gravity. J Engineering Phy. 2012; 3: 48-51.