Urbanization is one of the phenomenal occurrences of the 20th century, accompanied by the growth of the urban population [1]. Although urban life is relatively recent in Africa, urban growth is quite rapid [2]. The current rate of urbanization in Ethiopia is 14.5%, which implies that the urban population in the country will double as rapidly in 7 to 12 years [3]. Urban areas and metropolitan cities could be explained by economic development, such as employment opportunities and housing with proper facilities for their dwellers, among other urban development indicators [2]. Since these people live in poverty, they face many difficulties in managing the risk of coping with rising prices, falling income, and other personal and social shocks [4], states that unless serious considerations are made about the risk of relocation, the involuntary displacement caused by such "development" projects could further impoverish the relocated. In some developing countries, as a result of development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR)-individuals and communities are forced to leave their place of residence and abandon their land due to development initiatives [5]. Several Ethiopian studies examined urban development schemes throughout the country, and most of the findings indicated that the urban development programs had failed for various reasons [6-8]. Almost all of them pointed out that the program's failure is attributed to the absence of any policy for relocation, Administrative weakness, lack of risk assessment of the relocation, and good governance. However, they didn’t thoroughly investigate the impact of the program on the livelihood of the relocated. The detailed investigation of the human aspects of the urban infrastructural development projects is not carried out or lacking in the academic arena. Therefore, the study aims to assess the impact of urban infrastructural development projects on the livelihood of the relocated community in Kombolcha city (South-Wollo, Ethiopia). In urban areas like Kombolcha where the infrastructure and different facilities are concentrated in the center of the city, it creates both positive and negative impacts on the community's livelihood. The limitation of information on the actual living conditions of the relocated people, displaced from their original areas; the differential impacts of the program based on the socio-economic background of the relocation; as well as the status of basic infrastructural services, and their impact on the current and future livelihood is regrettable because it is the sort of evidence to bring about an effective urban development program. However, this topic is not yet sufficiently explored in Kombolcha using sociological and anthropological lenses despite the intricate socio-economic and cultural issues involved in development-induced population displacement. It is true, especially when it comes to urban development projects. Nevertheless, the study investigated the change in the livelihood sources, such as employment opportunities and other assets, and coping mechanisms of the relocated. In addition, the study assessed service provision differences between relocated and non-relocated households as a result of the Kombolcha airport project by examining the quality of housing situation, access, and affordability of basic infrastructure services like water, electricity, transport, health, and education, and their impact on the current living standards of the relocated people compared to their previous area of residence.

Development is a complex process that comprises different activities, approaches, and actors depending on the context and environment within which it prevails [9]. The actors involved in various development endeavors have their activities as part of the system, and there is also a structural and functional interdependence among all the actors involved in the process [10]. Urban economic development is not an exception from the domain of development endeavors [6]. It is rather a dynamic process that entails the active involvement of the actors in a relatively complex arena where conflicting interests of the actors require a careful blank to achieve the goals of urban economic development [7]. Due to different reasons, urban displacement becomes much more common worldwide [11]. Ercan [12] noted that in the consecutive five years, 2013-2018, more than 70% of the world's refugees faced dislocation in urban areas and were incapable of being actively involved in urban economies and service infrastructures. In recent times, the world has been facing a huge challenge. Concerned officials do not give such types of displacement due to urban environment deterioration and eviction of people from their permanent residential areas [11]. Various African countries have now adopted several strategies of urban infrastructural development by taking into account the urban land policies adopted by the western world these policies are in full swing from a technocratic state-provider model, a poorly developed private provision model, and an international-led stakeholder’s tactic used for urban environment planning and beautification alteration [13] Various scholars at different times conducted their studies concerning urban governance and livelihoods. Still, there is scarce research that entails and provides insights into how the evicted households held their daily routine in the urban environment and their relationships with the other non-displaced communities and the government [14]. Some possible factors that drive urban displacement include armed or internal conflict, violence, and human rights abuse [11]. The other significant factors for people’s urban environmental eviction resulted from developmental policies and projects, land grabbing, and natural disasters [12]. As a result of the federal government's land administration, the displaced communities tend to settle in the most poverty-stricken places, which makes them vulnerable in various circumstances [15]. The place where they reside is impoverished and creates ethical and operational difficulties for the humanitarian groups to assist them [11]. As a result, the kombolcha city administrators do not give enough attention to the displaced communities due to infrastructural developments. Their livelihoods have become more miserable, and it has had a tremendous influence on understanding the extent of their vulnerability and managing their livelihoods [13]. Providing basic needs is seen as a major goal of any development program. Any attempt to improve or maintain the standard of living in rapidly developing urban areas cannot go forward without adequate provision of infrastructure and utility services (Riley, 2018: 211). Tong & Leung [16] stated that the provision of basic needs is directly related to human development and is concerned with providing access to essential elements of life such as food, cloth, shelter, health care, employment, and the right to participate in decision-making. Small, Froggatt & Downs [17] describe that one of the preconditions for successful resettlement programs is the availability of social services like health, education, road, and water at the resettlement site before relocating the people. Studies show that the Cameroon Doula urban project displaced over two thousand families and hindered their efforts to set up permanent houses. A report from China’s Danjiang Kou reservoir indicated that about 20% of the urban relocated people become homeless and destitute [18]. In Ethiopia, since 1991, many people have been displaced from their homes and original location due to various developmental projects and investments [5]. Concerned officials do not give such types of displacement due to governors and are usually carried out without the consent of the relocated people and their participation; instead, people are simply forced to displace, particularly in urban areas [5]. Cernea [3] indicated that family and neighborhood ties in the urban settlement are often dismantled by relocation, leading to serious adaption and social integration problems in the new site. These difficulties are reinforced when the absence of the community facilities is coupled with little time that the relocates have to develop social activities [5]. The UN, in its several conferences, states that development should not be simply defined in terms of an increase in gross domestic products; however, it should consider as a process of interrelated economic, social, and political changes, the ultimate aim of which is to promote an improvement in the well-being of the entire population [19]. The development project is an organization for converting resources (inputs) into end product (output), entailing assets of interconnected actions designed to bring results that serve specific objectives and reduce particular concerns [19]. Whereas the normal government action administers general programs for maintaining the state and the welfare of its people, project action concentrates on specific sectors and areas for specific groups of people and a specified period [10]. Therefore, the urban planning and the implementation of urban development projects could be causes of displacement [3]. A better understanding of the negative consequences of such projects would contribute to overcoming the risk of impoverishment, guaranteeing the protection of interests and rights of people, and enforcing the international legal in favor of people who suffer from the negative consequences of urban development [19]. In the meantime, the study investigates the change in the livelihood sources, such as employment opportunities and other assets and coping mechanisms of the relocates. In addition, the study assessed the quality of housing situation, access, and affordability of the basic infrastructure services like water, electricity, transport, health, and education and their impact on the current living standard of the relocated people compared to their previous area of residence.

Research Design and Approach

This study tried to examine the advantage and disadvantages of the relocation program in the Komblocha town of South-Wollo, Ethiopia, and the service provision difference between the relocated and non-relocated communities as a result of the Kombolcha Airport developmental project. Also, the study investigated the multidimensional stress on the livelihood of these displaced people. As a result, the study used a cross-sectional descriptive research design because the design assumed to provide timely information at a particular moment from systematically selected participants (households) of the target demographics [20].  Different research approaches are available, and one can select the most appropriate ones to meet the study's objective. In this study, the researchers used mixed research methods. As the major techniques of data gathering we used are qualitative and quantitative, it helps describe, interpret, explain, and examine the issue under study. The qualitative data gathering methodology requires descriptive and analysis tools to bring or interpret the information at hand into meaningful results [21]. It focuses on naturally occurring ordinary events in the natural setting in all aspects, so the researcher can have a strong chance to know the real-life in the study area. The qualitative analyses can be applied through triangulation. The data gathered from the secondary sources are used parallel with the primary sources obtained from non-participant observation, in-depth interviews, and survey questionnaires. The secondary source of data reviewed from town and regional planners of Dessie and Kombolcha town of South-Wollo, Ethiopia.

Participants

In the first and second censuses, the number of residential household units in the town of Kombolcha was 3,473 and 8,643, respectively. It shows that about 5170 residential household units will be built within ten years, with an estimated annual average growth rate of 9.5%. (330 units a year). This was higher than the annual growth rate of the urban population (7.8%) and households (7.0%) during the two survey periods. Research participants were selected using a multi-stage sampling strategy. In the multi-stage cluster sampling, we used four stages. In the first stage, we identified our target population/unit of analysis. This study unit of analysis was those households evacuated from their former residents due to the Kombolcha airport project. In the second stage, they were clustered based on their kebeles. In the third stage, the household participants were randomly selected. From a total of 11 Kebeles (the smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia) (six cities, five suburbs), five (three cities (Kut`eba, Shewaber, Piassa), and two suburbs (Abakolba, Fatoager)) were first randomly selected by the city and suburbs clusters. Next, survey households were randomly selected, and adults and survey participants were recruited from the selected households. In this case, pregnant women, people with health problems, and under 18 are excluded from the study. And people lived for less than six months, and homeless people were excluded. These samplings were used to compare the service provision difference between the displaced and non-displaced residents in Kombolcha city. In the fourth stage, the researchers collected data from the sampled clusters. As a result, the study employed basic random sampling procedures to recruit 420 child respondents, and the researcher used Taro Yamane`s (1967) sample size determination formula (n=N/(1+N(e^2))) to recruit sample respondents from the total specified target populations of non-displaced residents. The Kombolcha Airport Development Project has evacuated 5 and 6 to 480 households out of 11 Keberes. The researchers then fully interviewed the household heads evacuated by the Kombolcha airport project.

Data Collection Procedures

This study was approved and reviewed by Wollo University research institutes and the directorate. After receiving approval from the University IRB, this study was critically evaluated by Wolkite University sociology department staff members independently (Ref No: SOCI/199/2021). Before starting the data collection procedure, the researchers have provided an informed consent/formal letter of request written by the Sociology department at Wolkite University and research institute. The chosen participants were asked about their willingness to participate and provide information about the issue in the study. Data were collected from January 2019 to August 2020 using qualitative (in-depth interview) and quantitative (survey questionnaire) data collection methods. After having permission from the community, we designed the inclusion and exclusion criteria to recruit the participants. The inclusion criteria we used in this study was to examine all households that face some difficulties due to the Kombolcha Air-Port Project. The study targets those communities that have been expelled and compensated by the local governments of Kombolcha and Dessie for an airport development project. Of course, the cities of Kombolcha and Dessie host many displaced communities each year, but this study excludes communities displaced by other development projects despite the 2010 Kombolcha Airport project. This study used a standardized questionnaire developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Multi-cluster Needs Assessment for internally displaced persons outside the camp. The questionnaire begins by assessing the profile of the refugee community and examining food security, livelihood, housing, health, water and sanitation, and education of the refugee community. The United Nations have validated the questionnaire by comparing experiences with Iraq, Baghdad, Kurdistan, Babylon, and other humanitarian response plans. To ensure the reliability and validity of the data, the researchers translated the English version of the questionnaire without changing the original content. And the pilot study was undertaken to test the questionnaire’s trustworthiness with the few selected sample before we started the main data collection in the Kombolcha displaced communities due to the air-port developmental project in 2010. Besides, the study also conducted in-depth and unstructured interviews, following a specific interview guide to 25 householders evacuated due to the Kombolcha Airport project. The interviews were conducted from January 15th to May 2nd. All participants were interviewed via voice recording and were asked for their permission. This method is a powerful tool for presenting broader data on people's views and attitudes towards life and behavior [22]. We conducted a 45-minute individual interview with study participants to obtain detailed information about the stated goals of this study. Even in-depth interviews ensured the validity of the data by considering the format, scope, and language content and correctly assessing and improving the quality of the questions.

Reliability Test

In this study, Cronbach's alpha was used to measure reliability tests and the internal consistency of questionnaires. The Cronbach's alpha measurement result is 0.75, above the minimum statistical level of acceptance. So it was good and accepted.

Data Analysis

To apply the Imperishment Risk and Reconstruction (IRR) model to each particular case of involuntary displacement, pre-displacement, actual displacement, and post-replacement phases are used in qualitative and quantitative data analysis [23]. The data before displacement is the previous means of livelihood and adequacy of infrastructural services in Kombolcha town. The method of data analysis used in the survey involves categorizing information according to the key characteristics of the informant, such as; occupation, age, gender, and other characteristics, by qualitative and quantitative analytical methods. We used thematic analysis for the qualitative data gained from the target respondents. And the content analysis was used to put their response. The themes and sub-themes were looked for throughout the full data collection. The researchers categorized codes into prospective themes and collected all the data related to each potential subject. The analyst tried to think about the link between codes, themes, and degrees of themes. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 descriptive statistics (number, frequency, tabular, percentage) and inferential statistics (independent sample t-test). The independent sample t-test was used to examine the significant service provision difference between those displaced from the research areas due to the developmental air-port project of Kombolcha and those who did not evacuate from their original place of residence. In the same case, Gbur and Thomson [24] argued that an independent sample t-test is best if we want to observe the difference between two unrelated groups for some reason. In the meantime, we grouped those who were displaced as one and those who were not displaced as 2. To this end, the independent sample t-test was held to test for Equality of Variances and the t-test for Equality of Means between the two unrelated groups.

In this paper, the researchers have provided 420 questionnaires for non-displaced households and 480 questionnaires to displaced respondents. However, all the questions were fully responded to, and the researchers assisted the households who were not literate and incapable of writing and reading the statement in the questionnaires.

Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

The result in table 1 shows that majority of currently displaced respondents were male 399 (83.1%), 41-to 50 aged, married 442 (93%), illiterate 452 (94.1%), and have 6 to 7 households number. Also, they engaged in private and other employment activities 432 (90%).  On the other side, table 2 shows that the non-displaced respondents included in this paper were male 322 (76.6%), 31-to-40 aged 154 (36.6%), married 370 (88%), illiterate 250 (59.5%), and have 4-to-5 household numbers, and currently employed in any other paid sectors.

Table 1: The socio-demographic status of respondents.

Social and Economic Impact of the Airport Development Project "Kombolcha" On Displaced Households

Economic Impact: According to the informant’s statement though, some communities from the central area of Kombolcha city benefited economically from the airport by engaging in different activities like a cleaner, security, and casher as a paid workers however, the communities in the study area suffer a lot from the disposition and displacement events. Before the displacement process, the basic economic activities of the study people depend on small-scale agriculture. They cultivate two or three times per year because the land is wet every time. Another major economic activity depends on selling Tella (a traditional beer from Ethiopia), Tejj (an Ethiopian honey wine), owning a small shop, etc. However, their new residence site is not suitable and convenient for such economic activities after the displacement. The findings of Kumar & Aj [25] support the results of this study. They argued that internally displaced persons separated people from production activities day, week, month, and year, resulting in the reduced economic production of the displaced person community. The impact is more difficult for female small-scale farmers. They suffer a lot when we compare them with the other displaced communities due to the absence of alternative activities for their livelihood. Most female-headed families are only dependent on such small-scale activities.

Table 2: Monthly income of the displaced households (current).

As indicated in Table 2, most of the dispossessed households who have been self-sufficient before become jobless and earn only 5-10$ per month, out of the total population of the study area 230 (47.9%) have to earn low a monthly income when it is compared to before they displaced their original residential area. We can simply understand that many people displaced from their land become unemployed and underemployed. In support of these findings, Jia et al. [26] assert that refugees do not have a permanent livelihood due to being expelled from their homeland. They have the worst livelihood. Some people go on months or years without the means to lead a decent life. This study also shows that people evacuated to Kombolcha Airport do not have decent jobs to support their lives or basic needs. This study has shown that they cannot obtain government support, especially concerning employment. The situation also created an additional burden on the female-headed family, children, and aged people in their former residential area. Those people lead more or less a better life when compared with their current situation. By tracing the experience of Nepal, Mexico, and Cuba, the findings of [27] revealed that displacement, especially the internal one, cost a lot of damage to the female mental health and well-being. Females were the primary vulnerable to psychological issues as a result of displacement. In this case, the loss of finance was the main financial burden for females, resulting in health problems. And also, they are unable to cover their housing allowance, educational costs, and other expenses. As a result, female-headed families are more vulnerable than the other households. On the other hand, about 94 (19.5%) have earned above 1000 birr per month, and the information indicates that people who suffered before have now a better condition or live in a subsistent way from the beginning.

Table 3: Types of occupation they engaged in based on sex (current).

Table 3 revealed that the total number of the study population, 48 (10%), are jobless. Most of the displaced people have become unemployed due to their forced displacement due to infrastructural development, and they have lost their former activities like farming and the like. As the study people stated in the interview session, before the displacement process, most people are engaged in farming activities, and the area is suitable for such activities. The informant states that they produced different crops two or three times per year before their displacement because the place where they lived was wet throughout the year. In the same vein, the findings of [26] stated that as a result of the government negligence in most developing countries, the evicted people due to developmental projects like dams, railways, and other constructions are unable to get convenient compositions. As a result, they lead the worst livelihood.

Table 4: Source of income and employment opportunities in the new area in comparison with before.

Table 4 shows that from the total number of the study population 456 (95%) replied that the job opportunity in the new residential area is meager when it is compared with the former one. The informants during the interview session state that the town is known as the city of different industrial sectors sited here like textile industries, road construction, and now the railway construction. These sectors play an essential role in creating employment opportunities; however, many people search for jobs. One of our informants in the interview explains the economic impacts of the project as follows:

Before the actual resettlement activity occurs none of the government officials gives us an awareness about how to lead our life in the new site, what to do with the money they give us, rather they give us compensation in cash then I do nothing nether construct a house nor run it to earn other money, I simply enjoy by the money, during the normal time we pay 4 birrs per trip to transport from the area where I lived to the town, however after I get the compensation I take a contract  bajaj, eat my breakfast in Kombolcha, enjoy the full day in Hiqe and then for dinner in Dessie and return to Kombolcha until the money bluster from my hand, finally when I realize that I have no land to plow, house to live to owe small scale business activities, finally decided to serve as a wage labor  in the Kombolcha industrial park, and now I am working in the industrial park near the airport.”

In light of observing the airport site, we also observe the industrial park under the process of construction, and from the informal conversation with the workers in the park during their lunchtime, we understand that some of them are those people who were displaced from their original land and did not use the compensation properly, eventually serving as wage labor and earning 1.5 to 2 dollars per day to lead their lives (Figure 1).

Figure 1: The view of Kombolcha under the industrial construction park.

Source: Image taken by the first author, 2020.

On the other hand, Figure 2 shows there are still a small number of female-headed households who live their lives by selling out coffee, tea, enjera, bread, chat, etc. in a small shed near the Kombolcha airport project.  To point up the above idea, one of our informants in the interview said that:

Figure 2: Small sheds for small scale business activities.

Source: Image taken by the second author, 2020.

The equivalent meaning is that unless the concerned government officials give the necessary awareness on the issue of what to do with the cash to lead a sustainable life before the compensation process, as far as most of the displaced households are uneducated, and farmers and not aware of how to manage it finally it harm like the stick of the police. However, it does not mean that all the displaced peoples suffer from the project, those who manage what they get properly lead their life in a good way after they are displaced.

Another informant in the interview stated that:

“My families are old and unable to engage in any activities and all the role is on my shoulder so, immediately after we got the compensation we built a house in the new site in the half money and also bought Bajaj by the remain, now all our life depends on this Bajaj, and that is why I named this Bajaj Belen” (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Bajaj is owned by the displaced person.

Source: Image was taken by the first author, 2020.

Social Impact

As is discussed earlier in the literature section, the main goal of any development project is to improve the standard of the living condition of the population by increasing their per capita income, by providing the provision of social and economic structure which will modify people’s values and attitudes. However, most developmental projects in Ethiopia miss this principle; these developmental project plans on the issue of social benefits are mostly ignored deliberately or in negligence.

The trend in our country shows that internal or external displaced or dispossessed people are mostly exposed to different socio-economic problems, especially the children, aged groups, and female-headed families are more vulnerable than any other community members. This is what is happening in the study area. During the interview session, the informants explain that the traditional insurance activities like Iddir, Iqub, and Mahbir have continued to play their role in the new site more or less.

Concerning their social life, some informants viewed that their social interaction is very close and smooth before they are displaced from their original place. It is a form of intimate interaction due to their day-to-day interaction with their community members; however, after they are displaced, their former intimacy and social relationship with their neighbors have not as such when it is compared to before because of the new neighborhood's fenced premises. In their former residential area, they live in a congested way and are intimate aliens, and their relationship has become not as friendly due to their new settlement. In the same vein, the findings of Kara [28] assert that development-related evacuation programs are the worst enemy of social capital. This is because evacuation always conflicts with social networks and social capital, which are determined mainly by neighborhood relationships and informal insurance organizations.

Concerning peace and security, the situation before the beginning of the Kombolcha airport project, the area is very well-known for different crimes like looting, as most of the informants stated in the interview session, nowadays after the establishment of the airport the area is secured and the people who lived around the project peacefully lead their life. Ideally, social services such as health, school, marketplace, clean water, electricity, road, telephone, and transport services in the community are essential. Studies show that the Doula City Project in Cameroon has driven out more than 2,000 families and hampered efforts to build permanent homes. Approximately 20% of resettled urban settlements have lost their homes, according to reports from the Danjiang Reservoir in China. Ashine [8] pointed out that family and neighbor ties in urban settlements were often broken by relocation, which led to severe adaptation and social integration problems in new locations. These issues are exacerbated when the lack of community facilities is closely associated with the limited time resettlements devote themselves to social activities.

Service Provision Differences between Displaced and Non-Displaced Households

Table 5: Service provision differences between relocated and non-relocated communities in the town.

Table 6 depicts the government service provision difference between relocated and non-relocated communities in the town of Kombolcha. Table 6 revealed that services in providing micro-credit or income-generating schemes and developing a formal and transitional education system that encourages minimizing the psychological problem of the displaced people children have no significant differences compared to non-displaced ones.  The result indicated that there is a significant difference in promoting third party employment relationships (M=0.53, SD=0.501) for non-displaced and displaced (M=0.34, SD=0.476) conditions; t₍₂₉₆₎ =13.894, p=0.000. The result shows that the government of Kombolcha comparatively provides better employment third party relationships for non-displaced individuals or households in the town. In terms of providing comprehensive training for the household in intensifying business skills, the result of this study showed a significant difference at (M=0.55, SD=0.499) for non-displaced and displaced (M=0.65, SD=0.478); [t ₍₂₉₇₎ =, 1.825, p= .001]. In other words, comprehensive training in boosting business skills was provided by the government of Kombolcha town for the non-displaced households compared to the displaced individuals. There is also a significant difference in the provision of presenting the issue to the responsible bodies to gain external grants and support from the side of the government at (M=0.41, SD=0.494) for non-displaced and displaced (M=0.71, 0.455); [t₍₂₉₆₎ =-3.891, p=0.00]. It indicated that much of the government's attention in providing financial support and funding primarily relied on non-displaced households compared to the displaced people due to the Kombolcha airport. The table also indicated that there is a significant service provision difference between displaced and non-displaced people concerning accessing health service [t₍₂₉₇₎ =3.207, p= .000], better education (educational instruments) [t₍₂₉₆₎ =0.681, p=0.01], and getting (monthly expense, house allowance, and basic need requirements) [t₍₂₉₆₎ = 0.73, p= .001]. From these findings, the researchers examined that the Kombolcha town administrator has some unbalanced service provisions for the displaced people due to the developmental airport project in the town.

The Ethiopian government, despite its political effort, has given little attention to the displaced peoples due to human-made and natural factors. Various journal articles and research papers were conducted in Ethiopia. Almost all of them pointed out that the program's failure is attributed to the absence of any policy for relocation, Administrative weakness, lack of risk assessment of the relocation, and good governance. However, they didn’t thoroughly investigate the program's impact on the livelihood of the relocates. Despite the previous studies, this paper aimed to investigate the social and economic impact of urban relocations in Kombolcha town (southern Wollo, Ethiopia). This study also examines the service provision difference between relocated and non-relocated communities in the town of Kombolcha as a result of the Kombolcha airport project. Kombolcha airport project makes people inactive in the production process of agriculture and dependent on government support. This eviction suffers, especially the female-headed households, in hideous ways. We also noticed that the project's construction damaged their close and smooth interaction with their neighbor and other intimates, and they faced criminality in the new areas. In addition, we conclude that the current administrator government of Kombolcha town's service provision is very unbalanced and unfair to the evicted people compared to the non-displaced households. In other words, the government provides a better education, housing, water, electricity, and other services for non-displaced households compared to households evicted due to the Kombolcha airport project. This is very insane and rude.

Recommendations and Limitations of the Study

Before implementing such big projects, it is important to consult and participate in the planning process unless, without the participation of the concerned bodies in the planning, and decision-making, the implementation of the project becomes questioned. As far as the project goal is to improve the well-being of the people. The FDRE constitution under its Human right propagations Article 18 (4) entails that “any economic and social activities including grand projects should voluntarily be performed by consulting a community within its locality.” The Kombolcha airport project violated the evicted people’s honor and dignity, they were dislocated without or little compensation, and they were not still relocated. In the same vein, the FDRE article 24(1) asserted that “Everyone has the right to respect his honor and dignity at every circumstance.” Furthermore, Article 40 (4) stated that the Ethiopian peoples have the right to have landed without payment and are protected against evictions. The implementation of this provision was promised by the constitution to be specified by the law. Significantly, Article 44(2) argued that all peoples who have been dislocated due to state developmental programs have the right to proportionate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with adequate State assistance. Based on these constitutional articles and research findings, the researchers forwarded and recommended the following issues;

• Urban planners should consider not only based on the economic benefits but should include the social benefits, and also they should get training about the nature of the society and their culture.
• The land and property ownership rights must be secured. The current urban land lease policy has also affected the people by taking over their land-use rights and forcing them to displace and marginalize them to the suburb. Also, the urban development policies should consider the displacement problems and the interests of the displaced people. Additionally, services like roads, water, transport, telephone, and electric power were minimal in the study areas. As a result, the government should facilitate and improve the way relocated people can access these services and monitor and evaluate the progress of these services by assigning responsible stakeholders. Finally, while preparing such types of big development plans, it must consider its impact positive and negative impacts on the social, economic, cultural, and environmental aspects. There were several limitations we encountered in the course of the study. First is the displaced community's willingness on the exact figure of the compensation payment. This is due to respondents’ fear of the possibility of taking video and sound records both in the interview session. The researchers were also challenged to get the correct data on the displaced community. The benefit and other mechanisms were not properly recorded by the municipal and other responsible bodies of the Kombolcha town.

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