First Time Report of the Breeding of Anopheles, Aedes and Culex Mosquitoes in Domestic Water Wells in Ye Township Mon State, Myanmar
Mya MM, Thaung S, Myint YY, Mu TZN, Kyaw PP, Maung YNM, Htun MM and Htun ZT
Published on: 2021-05-29
Abstract
Mosquito borne diseases as Malaria, DHF, Chikungunya, Yellow fever, Filarial and H1N1 H5N1 are very harmful to human and animal health in the tropical countries. Wells are the major breeding sources of malaria vector Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in coastal areas in Myanmar. Breeding habitats of different mosquito’s survey was conducted in Koe Mine and Man Aung villages in Ye Township from June to July 2019 to identify the mosquito larvae and to investigate the different breeding site preferences of mosquitoes. In the wells, mosquito larvae were collected using 3 dips by WHO net dipper/well and larvae were collected by pipette. A total of 1721 mosquito larvae were collected from 68 water wells and 13 water pockets and beside the Ma Hlew Taung creek of the both places. Seven species as 2 Anopheles, one Culex, 3 Aedes and one Taxorhynchites species were identified. Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were abundantly presented in 51 wells (40wells in Koe Mine and 11 wells in Man Aung) and it was co breeders with An. minimus in both villages and Taxorhynchites in Man Aung villages. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae were found together in one well and first time found Aedes species of Ae cogilli larvae was positive in one well in Man Aung village. The highest larval density was found Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae (80.30%) followed by An.minimus (9.82%) and lowest was observed Ae.cogilli larvae (0.70%) and it was found first time in Myanmar. Malaria vector An.minimus, Filarial vector Cx. quinquefasciatus, DHF vector Ae. aegypti, Ae.albopictus larvae were abundantly present in water wells are very good information about habitats to control breeding of mosquitoes in water wells and beds of creek and it was also prevent diseases transmission through mosquito bite in both Koe Mine and Man Aung villages in Ye Township.
Keywords
Domestic water well; Habitats; Larvae; Density; An minimus; Cu Quinquefasciatus; Ae Aegypti; Ae albopictus; Ae cogilliIntroduction
Previously malaria, filarial is one of the major public health problems in Myanmar. Primary and secondary vectors of malaria are still found in malaria free and endemic areas in the country. It is still a main contributor to the morbidity and mortality in some part of the country. The incidence of malaria is fall down by 49% from 2012 to 2015 and no reported malaria outbreaks since 2012 [1]. The malaria morbidity and mortality is still remaining in border and hard to reach areas. There are 37 Anopheles species in Myanmar. Anopheles dirus and An. minimus are major vectors of malaria in forested and forested foot hill areas of the country and An. annularis is a local vector of malaria in Rakhine State. An. sundaicus and An. subpictus are abundantly found in coastal areas of Rakhine, Mon and Tanintharyi Regions [2]. The transmission of malaria is largely influenced by the abundance, survival and bionomics of the mosquito vectors [3]. Previously An. dirus was found in deep forested hilly regions and larvae were found in rock pools but now it is found in water wells in Mon and Taninthayi Region [4, 5] as well as An. dirus D larvae were found in water wells in Katinehtit and Kinetaw village Kamamaung Township Kayin State [6]. Anopheles minimus main vector of malaria and its larvae were found in forest fringe and slowly running water although it was found in rice field water [7,8]. Wells are the major breeding sources of malaria vector Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in hilly and coastal areas in Myanmar [4,6]. Wells and overhead tanks are the major breeding sources of the local malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi in the Indian city of Chennai; they play a significant role in vector breeding, and transmission of urban malaria [9]. Primary and secondary larval habitats of An. dirus s.l. have some constant characteristics: temporary, standing or slowly moving water under shade, while primary sites occur year round and tend to be associated with the stream system in deep forest, they vary in nature according to the season with drying pools in stream beds, pools connected with streams or meanders of slow moving streams in the dry season [10,12], complemented in the rainy season by pools fed by underground seepage along streams, springs, rock pools in the beds of ravines, and in deep holes or pits which form ahead of gullies [13,11,2]. Such primary sites are often confined to the deep forest resulting in transmission of malaria mainly to forest workers. Some of them however occur in peri-domestic area: An. dirus s.s. occurs in gem pits [14] and in water pits fed by seepage along streams [15]. If wells are generally negative [11,16]. An. baimaii occurs in wells close to houses in a particular area of Myanmar throughout the year [5, 17, 19]. Other contributing factors include socio-cultural and economic attributes such as education, income, housing patterns, social groups, water storage also play major role in malaria transmission [20]. Generally, malaria is known to be more prevalent in rural and peri-urban settlements in sub-Saharan African due to availability of favourable conditions for the breeding of Anopheline vector. Villagers in these areas are often bedeviled with poverty, poor housing, poor water supply, poor environmental conditions which are often laden with swamps, gutters and thick vegetation to enhance the breeding of mosquito [21]. In Myanmar Mon State is a coastal area in Myanmar. Main malaria vectors as An. dirus and An. minimus and other diseases as Filarial, Dengue fever (DF) and Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) carrier species of Culex and Aedes mosquitoes are abundantly present in forest, forest fence, creeks, river bands, rice field, rubber plantation sites, water wells, water pools and water pockets urban, peri-urban and rural areas in Mon state. Therefore attempt has been made to determine the well breeding mosquitoes in forest fence and plain area in Ye Township, Mon State in Myanmar.
Materials and Methods
Study Areas
Two villages were selected in Ye Township, Mon State.
Study Period
Study was conducted from June 2019 to July 2019.
Mosquito’s Population
All collected mosquitoes and larvae in different collection methods such as cattle bait and light traps for adult collection and WHO dipper.
Study Areas
Koe Mine and Man Aung villages were selected for mosquito larvae collection because malaria and DHF cases and suspected Filarial cases occurred annually according to hospital report. In Koe Mine village a total of about 2730 population were stayed in 380 houses in plain area and in Man Aung village a total of 1070 population were lived in130 houses in forest fence area. These villages are at least 10 kilo meter away from Ye Township. All most all of the villagers are worked in Rubber and battle nut plantation in hilly areas. Same were school teacher, health workers and government staff. Ye-Dawea road is across to the Koe Mane village and Man Aung village is 10 Km far away from Koe Mine village. And also want to know the distribution of malaria vector Anopheles mosquitoes in both villages.
Larval Surveys
For identification of breeding sites larval surveys were conducted in and around three kilo-meters away from the study villages. Water pools, domestic wells, stream/creeks and all different types of water holding places were examined by 3 Dips/water holding place for larval detection10. In and around the villages, water pockets, coconut shells, discarded tins and utensils bamboo stumps including foot print of animals were examined. The captured larvae and pupae were put in labeled plastic bags and brought back to the laboratory for species identification and colonization
Identification of Adult Anopheles Mosquitoes
Adult emerged from larva survey were identified by species according to different keys [22,24].
Data Analysis
Entomological data were analyzed and compared both study areas. Data entry, processing and analysis were carried out using Microsoft Excel software. Larva positive wells were determined in percentage.
Results
Table 1: Breeding habitats of different mosquito species in Koe Mine, Man Aung and 14 Mine (Ma Hlew Taung villages in Ye Township Mon State.
Sr. No. |
|
Koe Mine |
Man Aung |
14 mine (Ma Hlew Taung) |
||||||
Collected mosquito larvae |
Total examined well |
Larva positive well & % |
Total examined well |
Larva positive well & % |
Total examined place in creek |
Larva positive place & % |
||||
1 |
An. minimus |
6 |
6 |
12.25 |
3 |
3 |
15.79 |
3 |
3 |
23.08 |
2 |
Cx.quinquefasciatus |
40 |
40 |
81.63 |
11 |
11 |
57.9 |
|
0 |
0 |
3 |
Ae.aegypti+Ae.albopictus |
|
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
5.26 |
|
0 |
0 |
4 |
Ae.cogilli |
|
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
5.26 |
|
0 |
0 |
|
Cx.quinq+An.mini) |
3 |
3 |
6.12 |
2 |
2 |
10.53 |
|
0 |
0 |
5 |
Cx.quinq+An.mini+Taxo) |
|
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
5.26 |
|
0 |
0 |
|
An. maculatus |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
10 |
76.92 |
6 |
Negative Wells |
23 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
|
|
18 |
13 |
|
|
Total |
72 |
49 |
100 |
25 |
19 |
100 |
8 |
13 |
100 |
72 |
49 |
68.05 |
25 |
19 |
76 |
31 |
13 |
41.93 |
Cx.quinq =Cx.quinquefasciatus, An.mini=An.minimus, Taxo= Toxorhynchities.
(Table 1) Shows that detail breeding habit of Anopheles, Culex and Aedes larvae in water wells and creeks in study areas in Ye Township. A total of 72 and 25 wells were examined and found that 49 (68.05%) and 19 (76.00%) wells were positive for mosquitoes larvae in Koe Mine and Man Aung village. Highest percentage of Cx. quinquefasciatus habitats (Water wells) were found 40(81.63%) in Koe Mine village followed by 11(57.90%) in Man Aung village. Anopheles minimus larvae were breed 6(12.25%) and 3(15.79%) wells in Koe Mine and Man Aung villages. In both villages Cx.quinquefasciatus and An. minimus larvae were bred together in 3(6.12%) wells in Koe Mine and 2(10.53%) wells in Man Aung. Only 2(10.53%) wells from Man Aung village were found Aedes larvae positivity. Of this one well was found Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae and another well were positive with Ae. cogilli. In 14 Mine (Ma Hlew Taung =Ma Hlew hill) area larval survey was done in 31 places in creek of the Ma Hlew Taung, and found that 3(23.08%) of the An. minimus habitats and 10(76.93%) of the An. maculatus breeding habitats were found beside the creek where the water is slowly running.
Table 2: Mosquito larva positivity and larval density in domestic water wells in Ye Township.
Mosquitoes species |
Larva +ve well |
Total larvae |
(Larvae/ dip) |
% of Density |
An. minimus |
9(13.24%) |
169 |
5.75 |
9.82 |
Cx.quinquefasciatus |
51(75.00%) |
1382 |
27.9 |
80.3 |
Cx.quinquefasciatus+ An. minimus |
5 (7.35%) |
97 |
19.4 |
5.64 |
Cx.quinquefasciatus+ An. minimus+Taxo |
1(1.47%) |
25 |
25 |
1.45 |
Ae.aegypti+Ae.albopictus |
1(1.47%) |
36 |
36 |
2.09 |
Ae.cogilli |
1(1.47%) |
12 |
12 |
0.7 |
Total |
68(100%) |
1721 |
21.67 |
100 |
(Table 2) Shows that only Cx.quinquefasciatus larvae were found highest larval positivity in domestic water wells 51(75%) followed by An.minimus larvae 9(13.24%) and lowest was observed 1(1.47%) of the water wells were positivity with Ae.aegypti+Ae.albopictus, Ae.cogilli and Cx.quinquefasciatus+ An. minimus+Taxo. Highest larval density was found 80.30% for Cx.quinquefasciatus followed by 9.82% for An. minimus and lowest density was observed 0.70% for Ae.cogilli in water wells. The species Aedes cogilli was found in the first time in Myanmar.
Discussion
Breeding habitats of different mosquito species in Koe Mine, Man Aung and 14 Mine (Ma Hlew Taung) villages in Ye Township Mon State were found An. minimus, Culex and Aedes larvae were bred in domestic water wells, no water wells were observed in 14 Mine (Ma Hlew Taung) village. A total of 72 and 25 wells were examined and found that 49 (68.05%) and 19 (76.00%) wells were positive for mosquitoes larvae in Koe Mine and Man Aung village. Almost all of the larval positive wells were found full of the vegetative on the surface of the wells and debris in water. Anopheles minimus larvae were breed 6(12.25%) and 3(15.79%) wells in Koe Mine and Man Aung villages. In both villages Cx.quinquefasciatus and An. minimus larvae were bred together in 3(6.12%) wells in Koe Mine and 2(10.53%) wells in Man Aung. Only 2(10.53%) wells from Man Aung village were found Aedes larvae, one well was positive with Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae and one well was found Ae. cogilli positivity. Highest number of Culex quinquefasciatus were breeding in wells 40(81.63%) in Koe Mine village and 12(63.16%) in Man Aung village. It is the first time report of the An.minimus, Ae.aegypti, and Ae. albopictus, Ae.cogilli and Cx.quinquefasciatus larvae in water well in Myanmar. And also Ae. cogilli (new species) was found first time in Myanmar in Man Aung village from Ye Township Mon State. Aedes cogilli was originally known from southern India and abundantly found in ex tree holes, associated with Ae. deccanus, Ae.albolateralis, and Ae.cacharanus [25] and A study in Spain revealed that ≥ 99% similarity with sequences for Ae. vittatus and Ae. cogilli, while similarities with other Aedes species were ≤ 94%. Aedes cogilli is only present in India and there are no records of this species from Europe [26]. Aedes vittatus is currently found in Africa, Asia and Europe, where it acts as a vector of pathogens causing animal and human diseases (e.g. chikungunya, Zika and dengue) [27]. For the first time Aedes (Phagomyia) cogilli has been recorded from Sri Lanka in 2018 and findings also show that Ae. cogilli had developed resistance to common insecticides and developed adaptations to urban environment, raising health and environmental concerns [28]. In the present study the highest density of Cx.quinquefasciatus larvae were breeding in wells and 81.63 % and 57.90% of the wells in Koe Mine and Man Aung were positive with Cx.quinquefasciatus larvae only. The Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were also found in water wells in Zaria, Northern Nigeria [29]. Studies in India on mosquito breeding in water wells mentioned that the dominance of An. stephensi among the malaria vectors, whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus was most abundant in disused wells and was present in wells of all depths [30]. Streams were prolific breeding habitats of Anopheles mosquitoes followed by ponds and swamps in the dry seasons in Jabi Tehnan District, West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia [31]. Although other researchers revealed that An. dirus larvae were highly breeding in water wells in Mon state and Taninthayi Region [3,4] but they are deep forested breeding in rock pools [32]. Although Maung Maung Mya and his associate reported that An. dirus larvae were found in water wells and An.minimus larvae were found in sand pools and slowly running water in Katinehtit and Kinetaw village in Kamamaung Township Kayin State in rainy season [5]. Another study of the breeding of An. dirus was observed in small water-collections (gam pits) in a coastal village of Chantaburi Province of Thailand near the Cambodian border [8]. Although in Thabewa village Oktwin Township Bago Region found An.dirus larvae were highly breed in rock pools in forested hilly area and An.minimus was observed in slowly running water in Thabewa creek and water pools near the creek [32]. The result are agreed with the present study it was found that 3(23.08%) of the An. minimus habitats and 10(76.93%) of the An.maculatus breeding habitats were found beds of Ma Hlew Taung creek where the water is slowly running. Found that An.minimus were abundantly present in rice fields [7]. A researcher revealed that An.minimus were co breeder with An. culicifacies in sand pools in Paukkaung and Phyu Townships Bago Region and abundantly collected in slowly running water in Yunsalin creek of Kamamaung Township Kayin State [33,8,5]. Other researcher from India revealed that An. stephensi was bred in high temperature water (35ºC) in overhead tank and in wells water minimum 26.58 °C in December and maximam 28.59 °C in May [9]. Although in present study An.minimus, Cx, quinquefasciatus, Ae.aegypti, An.albopictis, An. cogilli and Taxorhynchities larvae were breed in domestic water wells and a new species of Aedes such as Ae. cogilli was collected in one water well in Man Aung village from Ye Township. Only Ae.aegypti and Ae. albopictus are abundantly found in domestic water containers as metal drums, plastic drums, earthen pots, Bago jars, concrete tanks and Jars and, spirit bows, bamboo stamps and miscellaneous containers broken Bago jars, tin can, coconut shells, old car tires in many parts of Myanmar [34,37]. Mosquitoes are very big species of insect groups and harmful to human and animals through taking blood meals. According to the Federal Ministry of Health [38], half of the population in Nigeria suffers one or more malaria attacks annually. The malaria morbidity and mortality is reducing gradually in urban and rural areas although still remaining in costal, border and hard to reach areas in Myanmar. In conclusion, malaria morbidity and mortality is still remaining in costal, border and hard to reach areas and malaria vector An. minimus, Filarial vector Cx. quinquefasciatus, DHF vector Ae. aegypti and Ae.albopictus larvae were abundantly present in domestic water wells in both Koe Mine and Man Aung villages in Ye Township. These species are very harmful to human being and transmit different types of diseases. The observation of breeding behaviour of An.minimus, An.maculatus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae cogilli in domestic water wells and creek in field settings is really useful information to vector control programmes in Ye Township. Therefore there is need to control breeding of vector mosquitoes in water wells and other breeding places and also prevent mosquito bite as well as diseases transmission in this areas.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there is no competing interest.
Acknowledgement
We wish to express our deep appreciation to Director General DMR and Director, State Malaria Control Programme Department of Health Mon State for kind permission to conduct this study. We would like to express our gratitude to TMO Ye Township Hospital for their suggestion and permission to do research. We would like to extend our sincere and heartfelt thanks to our senior and junior colleagues and the laboratory technicians and staff for technical support. We gratefully acknowledge the village authority concerns for managements, arrangement and encouragement. Also, our special thanks are also extended to the villages included in this study because without their support, this study will not be conducted.
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