I had a friend in university who stuttered.  Most of the time, his speech was fluent; but when he was under stress, he would get stuck on one syllable. If I reassured him with a nod, he would speak smoothly.  When he was under stress he stuttered.  This indicates to me that there was nothing mechanically wrong with his speech apparatus because it worked fine when he was not under stress. So what was it about stress. It is the release of adrenaline. The chemical formula for adrenaline is C₉H13NO₃    Take note of the nitrate ion. In the nerve cell, there are neurotransmitters Cl- Na+ K+ and Pr- the Pr- includes the Gasotransmitter NO. (Figure 1).

Figure 1:  Nerve Cell Potential.

I theorize that this NO causes too much negative charge in the Intercellular fluid, thus causing a hyperpolarization.  The regular resting state is -70mV.   We will use -90 mV.  The discharge of the potential goes up to +35mV. Which is a difference of 105mV. These numbers appear in what follows. Chlorine Cl- is also a negative ion. Too much chlorine would have the same effect on the discharge of a nerve fibre having excessive negative charges.  Chlorine is in our tap water. Chlorine is also absorbed by the body in the shower -up to 1 litre. It is injected in salt, however this is balanced by sodium in the N_aCl molecule.

I have determined that the human mind has an internal clock that runs at t=1330.

Freq=1/1330= 0.75=3/4=1/s

E=(1-Ln π)⁷

=0.00001330

0.000001330/t=0.000001330/1330=0.00001~1=E

Mind =( 1-v_s/v_L)

=(12-343/2.99792458)

=113.3

Mind=(1-t_s/t_L)

=113.3=1-t_S/t_L

113.3=1-t_s/2.99792458

t_N=337

v=d/t

343=d/337

d=1.0403

1/d=1/s=961

E_N=(1-Ln 0.337)^7

=172.83

~√3

Freq=t=KE=1/2Ρ v²

=1/2 (4/Pi)(1/√2)²

Freq_N=1/Π

Freq _AB=t=KE _Ab=1/2(40/Π)(1/√2)²

Freqab=10/Π

tAb=Freq Ab=3.183

E=(1-Ln t)⁷

=(1-Ln 3.183)⁷

E_AB=243.9~244

Mind=(1-t_s/t_L)

=(1-3.183/299792458)

=-0.6173

Mind ~-0.618  Root of the /Golden Mean Parabola

V=d/t

343=d/3.183

d=1.0917

1/s=916

S=|E||t|sin theta

10917=244t sin 60°

T=5166~517

V=d/t

=10917/517

=V_ab=2113

_VN/ V_Ab=343/211.3

=1623~1.618  Root of the Golden Mean Parabola

V_Ab/V_N=0.618.

Adrenalin

C₉H₁₃N +Ca⁺⁺==> CaO +C₉H₁₃N==>

C₉H₁₃N+ 2 H₂0 +O  ==> C₉H₁₃+NO +2H₂O==>

8CH₂+CO₂+NO + H+

Molecular mass=9.0058

M=9.00=Ln t

t=0.810

E=(1-Ln t)⁷

(1-0.810)⁷

=0.000008938

=c²

E=Mc²

c²=Mc²

M=1=M=Ln t

t=2.71828=e¹

tS_ST=e¹+3.183=59.0

t_N=e¹+0.337

=305.5

t_St/t_N=519.305=1/517

t_N=0.5169~517

E=(1-Ln  π)⁷

=0.000001330 

Internal Clock

t_N=KE=1/2 Mv²

=1/2(4)(1/√2)²

=1 

t_N=1

E=[1-Ln (1/0.517)]

=[1-Ln (193.4)]⁷

=105

=|-70|+35mV

=Nerve Signal

E st=(1-Ln t st)^7

E stuttering=105

E Norm=(1-Ln t_N)⁷

=(1-Ln (1))⁷

EN=1

v=d/t=2.113

v²=4.465

=1/2239

V_ab=1/ΔV=1/22.39

22.39=1/c²R

R=198.7~2=L

1/R=0.503=t_min

V=iR

22.39=1/c²R

R=2.49~2.5

2 syll/sec= x 2.5=5 syll/ sec

217.39/5 syll/sec=43.478 sec/syll =(1/23.00) sec /syll

Normal

5 syll /sec x 1/23sec/syll =217

Stuttering

2 syll/sec x 1/23 sec/syll=217  

Normal

5xt₀=5x 6.366=0.3183=1/π=freq.=t_norm

Stuttering

2 x 6.366=12.73=40/π=freq=t_stut

40/π=127.3 =10 x’s density

K.E.=1/2 ρv²

t=KE=1/2(4/π)(1/√2)²

=3183

=10/π

=freq of the stuttering mind =10x’s Normal.

freq=1/T=1/(1/t)=t

10 ·Freq =10t

t_N=5 syll/sec

t_ab=2 syll/sec

10 t_N =t_ab

10(1/5 syll/se=2

1/2syll/sec=0.5

freq (10/5)=2

1/2 freq

2 freq_N=1/2 freq_AB

freq_N/freq_ab=2/(1/2)=4

t_N=4

4 ·1/π=4/π=ρ

V_N=1/ΔV=1/105

V=iR

1/105=(1/c²)R

R=0,.856 

1/R=116.83

ΔE=ΔV=(1-Ln t)⁷

(1-Ln 1.330)⁷

=104.8~105

=|-70|+35 mV

105/22.39=1/213 Cf. 217  (Figure 2).

Figure 2: ACT* Model of the Brain with formulas.

ACT* Model of the Brain with formulas

M=9.00

Normal Output=1/c²

M=1/c²

9=1/c²=E/81=E/c4

ΔV=iR

105=1/c4R

 R=85.05 Cf. 0.856

E=(1-Ln t)7

tstuttering =10 t Normal

E=(1-Ln 10(517))7

E=0.04538

~0.454

t=1/E=220 =200+20 m sec (Figure 3).

Figure 3:  Plasticity of the brain.

V=iR

= (4/3)(0.4233+(1/π)-2))

= (4/3)(1/258)

=1/677=1/595

1/595 x 220=e1

 t=1     (Figure 4).

Figure 4:  Binomial Decision Tree.

2²²=419=1/238

10/9.00=1.11111…=1/105.4~1/105=1/V=1/E=t

t=10/9.0=1/11111

105+(|-7-|+35)

=125=1/8=E_min

SE=(1/8)+(1/9)=138.8=1/720

E=(1-Ln 0.720)⁷

=(1.327)⁷

~1.330⁷=723.6=1=1/1358    Cf. 1330

Δt=594

SE=138.8=t²-t-1

t=²-t-38.8 

t=112.5;1.25

112.5²-122.5-38.8=125

1/8=E_min

(1/8)²-1/8-38.8

=389

=1257

2 x 1/257=514

V=iR

ΔR=1+10/ sqrt3

=6.773

ΔV=4/3(6.773)

=9.03~9.0

=molar mass

We see that stuttering can be modelled by a dysfunctional potential caused by too many negative ions in the cellular fluid, particularly Nitrate. The frequency of the stuttering mind is 10 x’s that of a normal speaker.

1. Diamond MC, Scheibel AB. The Human Brian Coloring Book. Collins. USA. 1985.