Flexible and Biocompatible Supercapacitors for Biomedical Application

Sachdev N and Biswas S

Published on: 2025-11-24

Abstract

Biomedical equipment, including pacemakers, neural stimulators, and wearable health monitoring, require secure, compact, and biocompatible power sources. Traditional lithium-ion batteries, despite their prevalent application, are constrained by inflexible form factors, limited cycle longevity, dangers of electrolyte leakage, and sluggish charge-discharge rates, hence impeding their appropriateness for flexible and implantable systems. Flexible supercapacitors (FSCs) have emerged as appealing alternatives owing to their elevated power density, quick charging capabilities, prolonged cycling stability, and mechanical versatility. When integrated with biocompatible electrode and electrolyte materials, these devices offer dependable energy storage capable of functioning safely in physiological conditions. This review emphasizes current advancements in flexible biocompatible supercapacitors (BMSCs), concentrating on carbon-based nanostructures, conductive polymers, hydrogels, and hybrid composites. It also analyses device configurations including thin films, fiber-based designs, micro-supercapacitors, and hybrid electrochemical systems specifically designed for biomedical applications. Ultimately, future prospects are examined, encompassing biodegradable platforms, self-sustaining systems, and multifunctional gadgets that amalgamate sensing with energy storage. Collectively, these advancements establish BMSCs as a revolutionary alternative for energizing next-generation biomedical electronics.