A Comprehensive Review of Human and Artificial Intelligence: Philosophical, Psychological, and Technological Perspectives

Thane S

Published on: 2026-02-28

Abstract

This review offers a thorough comparison of artificial intelligence (AI) and human cognition. The paper distinguishes between the "hard problem" of consciousness and the "easy problem" of algorithmic optimization by combining viewpoints from computer science, cognitive psychology, and philosophy of mind. We examine the intricacies of human creativity based on heuristics, the inflexible mathematical frameworks of Deep Learning, and the subtleties of emotional intelligence (EQ). The review also discusses the growing "Crisis of Reliance," in which human agency is in danger of being undermined by society's reliance on automated systems. This work promotes a "Human-in-the-Loop" (HITL) framework to guarantee that AI functions as a cognitive prosthetic rather than a substitute for human judgment, drawing on more than 30 influential and modern sources.