In the current era of globalization, information can be accessed in real-time, so there are no longer any barriers, whether geographically, politically or in other aspects. Society is now very hungry for information, therefore, it is not an exaggeration if information is categorized as a basic need in addition to the need for clothing, food and shelter. Correspondingly, the development of information systems in recent decades has changed the way we interact, work and manage information. The use of information system technology in various sectors, such as business, education, government and social life, has created various opportunities and challenges that require serious attention. Technology is like a double-edged sword, one side provides benefits or advantages while the other side can provide losses. The use of information systems has a huge impact on society, which then triggers the emergence of increasingly complex ethical, social and political issues in various fields. Ethical, social and political issues are related to each other, where ethical issues influence individuals to make choices between ethical actions or principles which often lead to conflict. Social issues arise from ethical issues, because society expects individuals to act correctly in accordance with applicable norms. Meanwhile, political issues originate from social conflicts which are generally related to the use of laws that provide direction and guidance for individuals or organizations in behaving in accordance with correct actions. In an ethical context, information systems often raise dilemmas related to data privacy, information security, and intellectual property rights. The collection, storage and analysis of data on a large scale has raised concerns about how personal data is used and protected. The ability of technology to track, record, and analyze individuals' online behavior raises complex ethical questions about surveillance, discrimination, and freedom of expression [1]. It is important for developers and users of technology to adhere to ethical principles so as not to violate individual rights to privacy and information security. Awareness of the ethical consequences of information systems, as well as the development of legal frameworks and comprehensive ethics, are critical to ensuring that information technology is used to empower, not exploit, individuals and society. Apart from ethical issues, information systems also influence the social structure of society. This technology can speed up business processes, cut bureaucracy, and change the way we communicate, share information, and interact with each other, even across geographic boundaries. However, on the other hand, advances in information technology have also deepened the gap in inequality through the phenomenon of the digital divide [2]. Unequal access to technology, both in terms of infrastructure, availability of devices, and digital literacy, can result in some communities, especially those in remote areas or with low economic status, being left behind in terms of economic and educational opportunities. This gap not only creates obstacles for individuals to develop, but also has the potential to widen existing social inequalities. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the benefits of information technology can be felt by all levels of society, not just a few groups. Efforts to increase accessibility, affordability and digital literacy need to be a priority to create a just and inclusive society in the digital era. Meanwhile, in the political realm, information systems have a significant role in supporting government transparency and community participation. This technology allows governments to share information more effectively, improves the accessibility of public services, and facilitates two-way communication between government and citizens. However, this technology can also be used for surveillance, manipulation of public opinion, or even restrictions on freedom of expression. For example, governments can use technology to monitor citizens' online activities, control the flow of information, or even block access to certain websites. The challenge that arises is how to utilize information technology to strengthen democratic values, such as transparency, accountability and participation, while avoiding potential misuse for certain interests. Therefore, a clear legal and ethical framework is needed to regulate the use of information technology in a political context, as well as efforts to increase people's digital awareness and literacy so that they can use this technology wisely and responsibly. The aim of this research is to analyse ethical, social and political issues related to the use of information systems. This journal will explain what problems arise related to ethical, social and political issues in information systems. in-depth understanding of the factors that influence these problems to arise, then what cases in the real world are like, and the challenges faced, as well as the impact in implementing information system technology.

Information systems, with all their convenience and benefits, have become the backbone of modern life, penetrating almost all aspects of daily life, from communication, education, to the economy. However, like two sides of a coin, this system also raises a series of ethical, social and political problems that are complex and urgent to be studied and overcome. These problems, which are rooted in human interaction with information technology, can take the form of privacy violations, digital divides, the spread of false information, and the potential misuse of data for manipulation and social control. Therefore, a holistic approach is needed that involves all stakeholders, including government and private sector, academics and civil society, to maximize the benefits of information systems while minimizing their negative impacts in order to create an ethical, just and sustainable digital society.

In recent years, research on the ethical, social and political dilemmas that arise with the penetration of information systems has become increasingly popular in academic circles. One research that is relevant and worth highlighting is the in-depth study conducted by Kumar et al. [3] which specifically examines the use of information systems in the business domain and its implications for ethics and social order. This research, which involved data analysis from various multinational companies and in-depth case studies, revealed significant findings. Kumar et al. [3] explained that the use of information systems, even though it offers a multitude of business benefits, can also trigger a series of complex ethical problems, such as data privacy issues which are vulnerable to misuse, information security which is prone to being hacked by irresponsible individuals, and algorithmic bias which can worsen social gap. These findings emphasize the urgency to implement a comprehensive and sustainable ethical framework in the development and implementation of information systems in the business environment, in order to prevent negative impacts that harm individuals and society at large. In addition to the study conducted by Kumar et al. [3] regarding ethics in business information systems, other research that is equally important is conducted by Robinson et al. [4]. This research sharply highlights the social problems posed by information systems, with a main focus on digital inequalities and the legacy of these disparities. Robinson et al. [4] found a close correlation between existing inequalities and access to information and use of information systems. Their findings emphasize that individuals and communities who are marginalized, whether due to economic, geographic, or social limitations, are often excluded from the flow of information and technological advancements, thereby widening existing gaps. These findings clearly demonstrate the need for collective efforts from various stakeholders to ensure digital inclusivity and equal access to information systems for all levels of society. It can be concluded that the ethical, social and political problems that accompany the use of information systems are not simple issues that can be underestimated. Its complexity requires in-depth and multidimensional study, involving various perspectives and scientific disciplines. This phenomenon, like a tangled knot that requires precision and patience to untangle, demands collective efforts from researchers, policy makers, technology practitioners and the wider community to work together to find effective solutions.

This research is a literature review related to the concept of problems caused by information systems on ethical, social, and political issues. In this case, the research is conducted using a qualitative approach. Qualitative is a method used to investigate a problem or issue to gain a better understanding of the problem, uncover hidden meanings, develop theories, verify data accuracy, and examine the history of development. Data or facts are collected so that researchers can get an overview of the problem.

The method used in this research is the case study method, which case studies in this research seek to explore complex phenomena, study patterns, and identify factors that play a role. Researchers describe how issues arise in information systems related to ethical, social, and political issues. The data collection method in this research is literature study, literature study is a theoretical study, references and other scientific literature related to culture, values and norms that develop in the social situation under study. [5] By using this literature study method, researchers are made easier to find data or topics that are being sought, and also using this method avoids researchers from distractions that could potentially arise compared to other methods. Based on the description above, literature is an important step where after a researcher determines the research topic, the next step is to conduct a study related to the theory and research topic. In the search for topics, data is collected from various sources of academic literature, journals, and articles. The sources used should come from academic journals and documents issued by certain organisations.

Result

1. Pengertian etika, sosial, dan politik

According to yuyu et al. [7] in general, social is social interaction, which is the main factor that makes the social activity process occur. Social interaction is the main factor that makes the social activity process occur. Social interaction is a dynamic social relationship that involves relationships between individuals, between groups of people, and between individuals and groups of people. Social aspects also often involve issues in economics, finance, law, and the use of information systems. Ethics are all actions that are born on the impulse of the soul in the form of good or bad actions [6] Ethics regulates human actions or behaviour, whether the human will behave well or behave badly depends on the ethics within him. And while politics shows human behaviour or behaviour, whether in the form of activities, activities, or attitudes, which of course aims to maintain the order of the community group by using power. In the context of information systems, politics includes how decision-making related to information technology affects the interests of various actors, including governments, companies and individuals.

Ethical, social and political issues are closely related, with social issues stemming from ethical issues that correspond to societal expectations for people to behave well, while political issues generally involve social conflicts relating to the application of laws that direct or guide individuals or organisations to take the right actions.

1. Data Privacy and Security

In the digital age, personal data has become very important and sensitive as many activities are conducted online. Personal data includes things like name, address, identification number, financial information, medical history and other sensitive information about a person. In the midst of the rapid digital era, data protection has become an increasingly concerning ethical issue. Personal data is vulnerable to misuse by many large technology companies for commercial purposes without providing adequate transparency to users. The misuse of personal data has occurred in 2018, namely in the Cambridge Analytica case, where this political consulting company unlawfully accessed the data of 50 million Facebook users without their permission. This data was apparently used to influence the US presidential election. The scandal sparked a wider debate about the role of social media in privacy and politics, and renewed [8] calls for stricter regulation of big tech companies. It is important for people to take concrete steps to protect digital privacy. Setting privacy settings on social media accounts, limiting information sharing, and applying ethical principles in using social media are effective steps to maintain privacy in a digitalised world. Data protection in the digital era is not only an issue, but also a shared responsibility. By realising the risks and consequences of digital privacy loss, the public can take proactive steps to protect personal data and collectively contribute positively to the sustainability of digital privacy.

1. Digital Divide

In the current era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, everything seems to have developed rapidly, with the rapid development both in the field of information and communication technology or what is called IT having a huge impact on humans. However, this development does not guarantee the creation of equal access and information collection for all levels of society, causing a digital divide. The digital divide is the gap between individuals, households, businesses (or community groups) and geographical areas at different socio-economic levels and levels of ability in terms of accessing information and communication technology (ICT) and the use of the Internet to assist in daily activities, so that the term between groups that ‘have’ as technology users and ‘do not have’ which means the opposite.

This research shows that the digital divide exacerbates social inequality. The existence of this digital divide is influenced by several factors as determinants. The determinants of the digital divide consist of three factors, namely socio-demographic factors, digital literacy factors and needs factors. Socio-demographic factors relate to gender, age, education level, income level and region. Digital literacy factors relate to a person's operational, informational and strategic skills in digital technology. The need factor relates to whether the use of technology is beneficial to him or not [9].

1. Policy Supervision

The main policy issues in information systems are surveillance and regulation. In order to maintain national security, many governments are expanding their ability to monitor their citizens through information technology. Surveillance using cyber technology or more popularly known as cyber surveillance, is now a particular concern. Cyber surveillance began because of the Snowden revelations, which in collaboration with the NSA, provided concrete evidence of a global communications surveillance programme that monitored the internet and telephone activity of hundreds of millions of people around the world, where on 5 June 2013, the Guardian published a series of communications regarding indiscriminate mass surveillance conducted by the US National Security Agency (NSA) and Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). Then, with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, its legitimacy became clearer. This raises concerns about individual privacy rights. One of the concerns is that no citizen can know how and when they are being monitored and what will happen in the following years. This has fuelled debates about the balance between national security and individual privacy rights. At the essence of the cyber surveillance debate is the consent and knowledge of the data survey subject, the security benefits, information, as well as intelligence gained from surveillance. The right to personal data protection on the other hand, has a more direct definition: freedom from unauthorised intrusion. Rapidly changing connection technologies are creating a system where cyber personal information and official data now have multiple points of interception and can be disseminated to various cyber platforms at unlimited speed [10].

Data security privacy, the digital divide, and policy surveillance in the context of the development of information and communication technology in the digital age. In this discussion, we will examine the relationship between the three and how they affect society globally.

1. Data Privacy and Security

In the digital era, data privacy and security have become one of the main concerns among technology users. The increasing use of internet-based services, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to the collection of large amounts of data. Many companies and governments rely on this data to develop services, but often without sufficient transparency on how the data is used. Users tend to be concerned about how their personal data is processed, who has access to it, and how it is protected from misuse, such as identity theft, hacking, or data leaks.

On the other hand, regulations and policies governing data privacy and security vary across countries. Some regions, such as the European Union with its General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), have strict regulations, while in other countries, privacy policies may still be inadequate. This lack of policy uniformity creates challenges in protecting privacy on a global scale [11].

With the increasing number of human interactions with Information and Communication Technology over time, and the resulting problems, ethics is needed to be a basic rule in the use of Information and Communication Technology that must be understood by the wider community. Ethics plays an important role in regulating how technology is used and how data is processed and protected. Namely as follows:

1. Privacy and data protection, ethics require that personal data collected by businesses, governments, and other organizations be processed and protected in a manner that respects individuals’ right to privacy. This includes the principles of transparency in data collection, informed consent, and limiting the use of data to specific purposes. Violations of privacy, such as unauthorized data collection or use of data for illegal purposes, are considered unethical and can undermine public trust.
2. Information security, Data security is an important ethical issue as it involves protecting personal and organisational information from hacking, leakage and misuse. This means that organisations and individuals must take steps to protect sensitive data and not expose vulnerabilities to misuse by others. Failure to protect data can be considered an ethical offence as it threatens human privacy, security and well-being.
3. User consent and control, ethics also determine how users agree to use the technology and their data. Users have the right to collect and use their data, and the right to obtain consent where necessary. Collecting data without consent and without the user's knowledge violates ethical principles and can violate privacy and security.
4. Transparency and accountability, in the digital world business ethics and organisations require transparency on how data is used, processed and stored. Transparency is important to maintain public trust and ensure accountability for violations such as data breaches and misuse of technology. Organisations that are not transparent or hide harmful data collection practices are considered ethical violators.
5. Social and environmental responsibility, utilizing technology should be done so as to minimize its negative effects on the general public and the environment. For example, technological production should be considerate of the environment, consider environmental degradation, and ensure that the use of daya sumber is not excessive. In a social context, technological advancements must also consider how they affect work performance, employee responsibilities, and social well-being.
6. Digital Dividen

The digital divide is a growing problem, especially in the context of technology adoption. This gap arises due to three main factors, namely:

1. Socio-demographic factors, in terms of gender there is a digital divide between men and women. It was found that women use the internet less than men. Age also affects the digital divide. Among age groups, children and the elderly are the most vulnerable to the digital divide. According to UN-Habitat (n.d) there are around 2.2 billion children between the ages of 3-17, who do not have internet access at home. While the elderly at the age of over 65 years the digital divide occurs. This can occur due to lack of confidence in using technology, fear of exposure to cyber-attacks, and low digital literacy skills (UN Habitat, n.d.). Income levels and education levels also affect the digital divide. The upper middle class can afford the latest technology, pay for higher services and access, and therefore use technology more often than the lower middle class. At the education level, people with higher education are more aware of the importance of learning digital knowledge. Higher education levels allow people to access more information resources, including information about technology-based learning opportunities, by taking online courses or reading educational materials available on the internet. Region can also affect the digital divide. For example, the digital divide between developed and developing countries, in developing countries technological infrastructure is limited and uneven is much different in developed countries where the infrastructure is very advanced and evenly distributed throughout the region.
2. Digital literacy factor, this refers to an individual's ability to use information and communication technology effectively and efficiently. It covers basic skills such as using a computer, accessing the internet, searching for information, to advanced skills such as understanding data security, privacy and productive utilisation of digital tools. People with limited digital literacy often have difficulty using more complex digital applications, such as social media, online banking or product applications. Without adequate knowledge, they may not be able to utilise these services, thus reinforcing unequal access to information, public services and economic opportunities.
3. The necessity factor, the perception of needs in this case is defined as whether or not the use of technology provides benefits to its users. When people think that using digital technology has provided benefits to their lives, then the use of digital technology will continue [12].

The digital divide encompasses a broad concept. This is due to the digital divide being a dynamic phenomenon that follows technological advancements. Currently, the digital divide is related to the perception of one's need to continue using digital technology. This is because many parties have used digital technology [14-15].

1. Policy Supervision

Policy supervision is an effort to ensure that the application, use, and development of digital technology are in accordance with established rules and principles, both in terms of law, ethics, and security. Policy oversight in the context of digital privacy and divide is crucial to ensure that regulations are effective in protecting the public. Policies governing data privacy need to be designed with information security, accessibility and equality in mind. This is important to minimise the negative impact of data breaches, including identity theft and fraud.

However, unbalanced surveillance policies can also have a negative impact. When surveillance is too strict, it can violate citizens' privacy rights with mass surveillance or excessive control over internet usage and personal data. Therefore, a balance is needed between strong policy oversight to protect privacy and security, and ensuring individual freedom in utilising technology [13].

The use of information systems has provided many benefits, especially in accelerating business processes, increasing government efficiency, and facilitating communication and access to information in various sectors. However, behind these benefits, there are a number of significant challenges related to ethics, social, and politics. The main challenges include data privacy and security, the digital divide, and surveillance by governments and corporations. Although information technology plays an important role in driving progress, the negative impacts that arise indicate an urgent need to design effective policies and regulations in managing this technology.

Data privacy has become a central issue in the digital age, with cases of personal data misuse, such as the Cambridge Analytica scandal, highlighting the significant risks that individuals face in an increasingly digitally connected world. The massive collection and use of data by technology companies often occurs without adequate transparency, raising concerns about unethical data use and storage. In this context, stricter regulation and better protection for users are urgently needed, given the impact that it can have on public trust in information technology.

In addition, the digital divide exacerbates socio-economic inequalities. Communities with limited access to technology or lack of digital literacy are often left behind in taking advantage of the opportunities offered by information technology. This inequality further widens the gap between groups with access to technology and those without, especially in areas with limited infrastructure. Therefore, inclusive measures are needed that not only provide access to technology for all groups, but also improve people's digital skills so that they can make optimal use of technology.

In the political realm, government surveillance of its citizens' digital activities has led to a global discussion about the balance between privacy rights and national security. Advancing information technology allows for more intensive surveillance, which, if not properly monitored, can threaten individual freedoms. Cases of mass surveillance such as those revealed by Edward Snowden demonstrate the real risk that technology can be used to control the flow of information, restrict freedom of expression, or even manipulate public opinion. In this context, clear and transparent policies are needed to ensure that information technology is used fairly and not abused by those in power.

Combined, these challenges underscore the need for a holistic approach to dealing with the impact of information systems. A comprehensive regulatory framework, strict ethical enforcement, and cooperation between the government, private sector, and society are key to managing the risks and maximising the benefits of technology. In the future, it is important for all stakeholders to work together to create policies that support inclusivity, protect privacy, and ensure security, so that information systems can truly be a tool of empowerment for all people, rather than a tool of exploitation or social control.

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