Until January 2024, the pandemic has been related to 20 million deaths if deaths from atypical pneumonia are counted. The impact of the pandemic on public services was documented in the literature during the pandemic from 1999 to 2024. The effects on water services stand out: scarcity, unhealthiness, and high cost. The consulted literature addresses the water problems from the agenda, the framework, the intensity, and the participation. The agenda-setting consists of media bias regarding water issues. The frame consists of the bias of the media regarding topics of discussion. Intensity is the impact of media biases on audiences. Participation suggests the influence of electronic networks in traditional media regarding residential water use. The present work exposes the EPS to discuss including exogenous variables about endogenous variables through theoretical and structural models. EPS are described considering the Ibero-American context in which they were carried out. The work reviewed specialized studies on the impact of local policies on residential water consumption, mediated by psychological factors such as perceptions, dispositions, motives, and intentions to be able to generate a conjunctural panorama and participate in scenarios of conflicts between the actors [1] The Psychological Studies of Sustainability (EPS) suggest that the associations between situational, cultural, cognitive, and behavioral variables show their dependency relationships that, for the development of Environmental Social Work (TSA), built from objective indicators, would complement their research and intervention models [2]. In this way, the EPS in Mexico shows that water-saving reasons are associated with dosage behaviors. To the extent that users of the public supply service want to pay less for the volume consumed, they develop skills and styles of austerity. The discussion around the EPS will allow for establishing a consumption rate system based on the correlations between water situations and consumption styles, thus contributing to constructing models for the TSA [3]. Within the framework of Sustainable Development, Social Work has established areas and fields of intervention around which social services have been developed, mainly those related to water care concerning quality of life and subjective well-being, determinants of evaluation of public policies, environmental programs, and attention strategies for migrant communities [4]. Environmental Social Work mediates supply policies and civil demands in this scheme, considering space, time, and infrastructure limitations. Still, the generality of its dimensions, categories, and variables inhibit the analysis of the subjectivity inherent in the objective indicators of sustainability [5]. Therefore, it is necessary to delve into the psychological, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions to establish the needs, expectations, demands, and individual or community capacities in the face of environmental crises and the shortage of water resources [3].

Psychology has focused on studying the relationships between per capita water availability and consumption [6]. The Psychological Sustainability Studies (EPS) have shown significant associations between the amount of water supplied and waste or savings according to volume per capita. EPS has also established relevant associations between cultural and cognitive factors. Based on the findings, the EPS has opened the discussion regarding the cost of the public drinking water service estimated by conventional tariff criteria, Including dispositional, situational, cultural, cognitive, and behavioral factors that would make the collection system more efficient, sanctions, and subsidies. The logic of the EPS would also affect the design and implementation of public policies that allow the financing of Government Public Action (APG) in the face of the increase in the problems of water scarcity, shortage, and unhealthiness [7]. Based on causal and correlational diagnoses, the EPS proposes theoretical-structural models that can increase or decrease the consumption rate considering the causal and associative relationships between the variables involved. The statistical bivariate correlation estimated with Pearson's “r” parameter allows an abstraction of the concrete relationships associated with a variable X and Y [8]. The strength of association between a variable X and another variable Y is known as correlation. It is an analysis in which the associated relationships between the variables that make up a cultural, social, community, economic, political, institutional, corporate, educational, or family structure are established. This structure is evidenced in a model in which the variables and constructs explain their influence on individuals [9]. The model is built from the associated relationships between the variables to infer their causal relationships. Regarding water scarcity, the exogenous and endogenous associations between values, beliefs, perceptions, attitudes, abilities, and intentions guide its modeling as determinants of water waste or saving. However, the EPS seems to be oriented toward establishing tariffs by considering water as a resource and users as consumers [10]. In a supply system, the State provides public supply services without considering the availability trend per capita. In other cases, the administrative authorities discretionary determine consumption rates. The EPSs have established significant relationships between intermittent supply and the austere use of water. However, such findings are unrelated to the rate systems since the research projects have not considered the possibility of exploring the conformity or nonconformity of the users concerning the public service and the local environmental policy carried out by their rulers. Exposing the scope and limits of the EPS regarding water problems will open the discussion regarding conflicts between authorities in charge of providing the drinking water service and users who receive a lower volume compared to other localities and regions [11]. Within the framework of Sustainable Development, the water problems of scarcity, irregular supply, and unhealthiness seem to be sufficient to inhibit water comfort, defined as the minimum volume per capita to carry out activities and satisfy basic needs associated with capabilities, skills, skills, and knowledge will allow humanity to overcome the thresholds of extreme poverty and their inclusion in public services will be an indicator of local and regional development. From the findings reported in the EPS state of knowledge, it is possible to outline the axes and topics of discussion for Environmental Social Work and contribute to the construction of an agenda on municipal housing and water services to increase quality of life, subjective well-being, and social responsibility [12]. Public services oriented towards sustainability can be analyzed from a logic of centrality and periphery. From this terminology, it is possible to notice that sustainable development is a central issue or node that involves climate change, global warming, the greenhouse effect, and carbon emissions, which are environmental factors that directly impact the quality of the environment. Air and respiratory health in economically developed cities and economies, in addition to air pollution, water, and municipal waste problems, are central issues in the economic and urban periphery because the natural resources of the southern hemisphere are transformed into satisfiers for the northern hemisphere, as is the case of crude oil and its derivatives [13]. In this system of centrality and periphery, the psychology of sustainability seems to be divided into two aspects the psychology of the South tries to understand and explore the knowledge and rationalities, spaces, and risks that derive from the impact of the exploitation and transformation of nature on the lifestyles of the communities [14]. For its part, the psychology of sustainability in the northern hemisphere is more concerned with describing and explaining the effects of climate change on management, innovation, and entrepreneurship networks that are developed in developed economies than in emerging economies [15]. In the northern hemisphere, the psychology of sustainability began by describing the quality of the environment and environmental awareness. It then arrived at the study of trajectories and structures of variables in equation models to predict unfavorable behaviors or those linked to sustainability, equity, and happiness [16]. The models of structural equations, trajectories, structures, and disturbances had their antecedents in correlation and regression studies from which the associations that allowed the modeling of dependency relations between variables were established [17].

Although structural equation models are based on covariances, correlations and regressions, allow the specification of models [18]. For this reason, in a sustainable development scenario, the agents around the central node of knowledge interact to shape a balanced system where centrality depends on the periphery, north from south and east from west. However, the state of knowledge tends to configure a descriptive network of environmental problems, although the studies are also oriented towards the explanation of trajectories and structures in which the themes are integrated into models to be able to anticipate the effects of the problems. In the psyche and behavior [19]. Thus, a review of psychological studies on sustainability from 2010 to 2014 shows that values, perceptions, and beliefs are the determining variables of consumption. In this sense, the three variables are exogenous to attitudes, intentions, skills, and use [20]. Values imply relationships of interdependence between nature and communities (biospheres), rooted relationships between groups based on ecosystem diversity (communitarianism), competitive relationships between human beings (individualism) based on the scarcity of resources, and balanced relationships between generations (sustainability) based on the austerity of current humanity, future technologies and the availability of resources [21].

Perceptions denote involuntary exposure to risk, the absence of control of the situation (uncertainty), and skepticism towards the information generated by civil protection institutions [22]. In this sense, the perception of everyday and strange risk situations is explicitly represented by experiences and non-experienced information [23]. Therefore, it implies indication of danger, prevention, contingency, management, protection, the expectation that determines action, and quick solution reaction [24]. They are an immediate and simplified response to the dangers and uncertainties that determine judgments, decisions, and behaviors [25]. Beliefs are presented as disorienting (dominant social paradigm, paradigm of the human exception, anthropocentrism, materialism, progressivism, and utilitarianism) and as guiding (new environmental paradigm, conservatism, ecocentrism, naturalism, and austerity) of human behavior towards the protection of the environment. Environment [26]. The beliefs that prevent sustainable development denote that human behavior and economic growth are exempt from the laws of nature, and therefore, such growth is only determined by technological progress [27]. In contrast, the beliefs favoring sustainable development imply rethinking anthropocentric visions, establishing limits to economic growth, the importance of ecological balance, and the necessary sustainable development [28]. The beliefs about the supremacy of human needs over the processes of nature, the consequent conception of the balance or imbalance of human needs with the processes of nature, and the consequent unlimited or limited economic growth are presented with a different degree interculturally, economically, and generationally [29].

The status of research on the psychological effects of water services in cities warns: 1) the prevalence of an asymmetric relationship between the rulers and the ruled concerning risk perceptions in the face of water scarcity and shortages; 2) the defenselessness of the vulnerable sectors around the supply, subsidy, and forgiveness policies; 3) the extrinsic motivation of users concerning the increase in fees and penalties. In this framework of politics and collective inaction, psychological studies have advanced toward establishing an agenda focused on governance. An equitable system of rates and co-responsibility materialized in eco-taxes, but it detaches from identity, attachment, and sense of community [30]. The psychology of water sustainability has established three axes of discussion around the governance of water resources and the corresponding municipal services. These axes are centered on the presumption of public and private goods as the cause of the formation of consumers and equity as an effect of co-responsibility in urban projects of large or compact cities [31]. Psychological studies of regional water sustainability indicate that the risks associated with the effects of climate change on the local farmer generate a system of strategies focused on loss prevention since financial resources disentail threats do not include natural disasters [32] The psychology of local water sustainability, focused on the effects of climate change on regional food security, warns that coffee growers' risk perceptions intensify when droughts, floods, and landslides prevail. These conditions affect local agricultural production and reduce the entrepreneurial and commercialization capacities of migrants in the Huasteca region of central Mexico [33,34]. Psychological studies of local water sustainability warn of a growing demand but a significant reduction in the availability and quality of water services in the framework of local tandem policies, conflicts between users and authorities, and the emergence of indicators of corruption such as the deterioration of the facilities, the prevalence of leaks, and the sale of water [33,34]

The psychology of sustainability has shown that municipal policies for supplying and charging for water services are not centered on an agenda of co-responsibility but on an agenda of growing supply in response to local market demands [33,34]. The psychological studies of sustainability have been disseminated in the public agenda based on criteria of co-responsibility in decision-making and actions aimed at the conservation of municipal water resources and services, but based on the asymmetries in terms of access and dissemination of issues in the media; the rulers have greater penetration and interference in the establishment of the problems such as the increase in rates and the promotion of voting through policies of subsidies and forgiveness [35] The psychology of sustainability has shown that the associations between factors exogenous to the lifestyles and behaviors of the users of the public supply system are related, but not in a specific or direct sense, but rather are generally mediated by the local policies such as the system of fees, subsidies and forgiveness [35] The psychological studies of sustainability warn that the relationships between cultural variables (values) and ideological variables (beliefs) are the axes of discussion in the local public agenda. It is considered that both culture and ideology influence the individual through the values and beliefs that are amplified in the discourses of the people and that the individual captures, learns, and reproduces in a specific situation [36]. In this sense, the irregular supply of water characteristic of modern cities and peripheral cities is associated with values and beliefs regarding its exclusive availability for human consumption or its shared availability among species [37]. The psychology of water sustainability warns that, at the local and municipal level, the prevalence of social representations focused on water scarcity due to local corruption explains the sociopolitical identity distinguished by its high degree of farsightedness and helplessness [35].

Collectivist societies, such as Asian, Latin, and Eastern European ones, are characterized by lithospheric-altruistic values and egocentric beliefs that favor caring for the environment by considering it as their habitat and the species as their fellow sisters of coexistence [38]. Regarding unhealthiness due to deficient or non-existent hydrological infrastructure, communities and popular neighborhoods show solidarity for children's self-care [39]. To the extent that unhealthiness increases, community solidarity also increases. In contrast, European and North American societies are characterized by individualistic values and anthropocentric beliefs. Even in collectivist migrant groups residing in these societies, a change in values and beliefs brings them closer to individualism and anthropocentrism [40]. The availability of water, associated with the values of overexploitation and the beliefs in the abundance of the resource, guides the elaboration of a model in which the increase of the two cultural and ideological variables is evidenced to the extent that the information on the abundance of water [41]. The influence of the individualistic and anthropocentric social structure is also observed in the countries with emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China) that will be developed in the coming decade. These economies move from collectivism to individualism, biosphereism to industrialism, and ecocentrism to anthropocentrism [42]. Economic growth is associated with public investment in hydrological infrastructure. The energy and hydrological projects are correlated with the needs of the cities. The investment in public water service is related to the increase in the city population, its dimensions, services, and migration [43]. Water consumption registers increased rates associated with scarcity in peripheral neighborhoods [44]. The shortage of water linked to unsanitary conditions and implicated in epidemics increases infant deaths. Psychological studies of sustainability focused on the relationships between spatial variables (designs), economic variables (risk and utility), educational variables (knowledge), and individual variables (attitudes, skills, intentions, behaviors) have shown that The effects of climate change on environmental public health are centered on the high levels of stress and resilience, which reflect the asymmetry between civil protection policies and the collective actions of vulnerable groups such as communities and neighborhoods affected by floods, landslides or flooding [45]. Community resilience understood as a response shared by a group of people facing a common extreme situation, was primarily observed in older adults during landslides, floods, and storms, indicators of the effects of climate change on local public health [46]. The psychology of water sustainability has shown that attitudes regarding dispositions against or in favor of local nature conservation policies determine decision-making centered on the preference and intention to vote for candidacies and parties oriented towards conservation. Social responsibility [47] Studies on the influence of buildings on individual perception have shown that aesthetics, functionality, and design have a direct, positive, and significant effect on customer satisfaction [48]. Subsequently, studies on the influence of masses inside buildings on human behavior showed that overcrowding, noise, or density determine customer stress [49]. Finally, studies on the influence of events inside buildings on individual cognition have shown that people form attitudes towards events, buildings, and spectators [50]. Buildings linked to hydrological biosafety (drinking water reserves) demonstrate the relevance of health policies, epidemic contingencies, pandemic catastrophes, competition for resources, and community solidarity [51]. In industrial economies with neoliberal policies, polluting behaviors have been associated with utilitarian perceptions, rational attitudes, and technological knowledge [52] Hydrological projects are designed to increase personal utility rather than social utility. That is, the drinking water service is only available for those areas that can pay the cost of the service [53]. In post-industrial economies with social policies, conservative behaviors have been linked to risk perceptions, affective attitudes, and social knowledge. Hydrological projects are related to services of all kinds. It is about supplying commercial areas linked to tourism [54] Ecological behaviors in informational economies with sustainable policies have been linked to perceptions of responsibility, global attitudes, and organizational knowledge. Hydrological projects are related to sustainable regulations that require equitable hydrological availability between areas and species [55]. Relative studies have abstracted exogenous and endogenous economic, political, and social structures that influence individuals [56]. The correlation analysis shows consumption models that blame individuals for global deterioration and place isolated actions as the solution to the global problem. In the face of environmental scarcity, shortages, and unhealthiness, ecological education is the indicated action to prevent such situations, and eco-taxes (fines and incentives) are effective fiscal strategies for sustainable development [54]. Exogenous and endogenous associations guide the design of structural theoretical models [57]. A causal relationship between a variable X and Y underlies an exogenous association between a variable W and a variable X. The determinants of a variable Z underlie the associations between W, X, and Y. That is, causal relationships are inferred from associations. There may be causal relationships between the independent variables if there is a significant association between them. If spurious associations exist between the independent variables, causal relationships may exist with a dependent variable. A positive and significant correlation between scarcity, shortages, and environmental unhealthiness allows for elaborating a model in which the three environmental situations determine water saving. A negative and significant correlation between the three variables allows a design in which the waste of water is the expected effect. A spurious correlation between the three environmental situations guides the design of a model in which other variable situations would explain the waste or saving of water. This work aimed to interpret the discourses to understand the narratives around the meaning of local water services, considering a review of the literature in international repositories. What is the meaning of the discourses and narratives around local water services in residents in the context of scarcity, shortage, unhealthiness, and famine? The meaning of the discourses and narratives around water services is associated with a symbol of scarcity, lack of supply, unhealthiness, and famine that will legitimize civil mobilization to defend the right to water [58]. The meaning of the discourses and narratives around water services is associated with a symbol of abundance and scarcity, supply and shortage, unhealthiness and portability, and scarcity and subsidy or forgiveness, legitimizing the differences between the actors: politicians and civilians, public and private sectors.

First study

A documentary study was carried out with sources indexed with ISSN and DOI registration in international databases to establish the central issues on the water agenda. Subsequently, the information was processed in content analysis matrices to specify the relationships between variables contributing to Social Work's intervention in scarcity, shortage, risk, and uncertainty. Once the axes and topics of the agenda regarding water services were established, a second cross-sectional, exploratory, and comprehensive study was carried out with a non-probabilistic sample of 10 informants, considering their experience in intermittent, regular, and negotiated supply.

The Delphi technique was used, which consists of 1) synthesizing the selected discursive extracts, 2) inferring their meaning, 3) contextualizing the speeches, 4) comparing the scenarios, and 5) integrating the data. The data was captured in Excel and processed in JASP version 15. The parameters of structuring, centrality, and grouping were calculated. The values close to zero allowed the null hypothesis regarding the significant differences between the theoretical structures concerning the appreciation of the present work to be non-rejected. Second Study a correlational, explanatory, and transversal study was conducted with a sample of 9950 users of X (ex-Twitter) who wrote about the water problem in Mexico City. The selection criterion was the publication of a comment about water and contacts who responded or reacted to their water-related publications. One of the most common ways to represent a sentiment analysis equation is through machine learning models, especially in natural language processing (NLP). The basic equation for sentiment analysis using a machine learning approach suggests that given a dataset of text labeled with sentiment (positive, negative, neutral), we can train a machine learning model to predict the sentiment of a new text. Input Data: X represents the input data, the texts we want to analyze to determine their sentiment. Machine Learning Model: We denote the machine learning model as f. This model takes input data X and produces output Y, the sentiment prediction.

Prediction Equation: The prediction equation can be expressed as:

Y = f(X)

Where: X is a feature matrix representing the input texts.

F is the machine learning model, which could be a classifier such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)

Y is the sentiment prediction associated with input text X.

The sentiment analysis equation uses machine learning models to predict the sentiment associated with a given input text. This approach allows you to automate the sentiment analysis process and quantitatively measure the attitudes expressed in the text. Analysis of attitudes towards water in X (ex Twitter)

Data Collection: Data collection to collect tweets related to water from relevant terms such as "water," "drought," and "water pollution" in the period January 2020 to April 2024. Data Preprocessing: Cleaning tweets by removing mentions, links, memorable characters, and irrelevant words and normalizing text by converting it to lowercase and eliminating stopwords through lemmatization. Sentiment Analysis: Sentiment analysis techniques are used to determine the general attitude towards water in the collected tweets. Libraries like TextBlob assign a sentiment score to each tweet. Based on sentiment scores, tweets are classified into positive, negative, or neutral categories.

Topic Analysis: The NMF (Non-Negative Matrix Factorization) technique is applied to identify relevant topics in water-related tweets. Emerging themes and their relationship with the attitudes expressed in the tweets are examined. Temporal Analysis: This involves analyzing how attitudes towards water change over time, grouping tweets and interaction nodes (friendships, contacts, preferences), and calculating sentiment metrics for each period. Interpretation of Results: The results of the analysis of attitudes toward water on Twitter have been recorded based on the identification of patterns, trends, and areas of concern. Data Visualization: Creating graphs representing the distribution of feelings towards water on Twitter.

First Study

The centrality analysis, which establishes the nodes and edges of mediatization around the scarcity or abundance of local, regional, or federal water, suggests that establishing the agenda (setting effect) is the node around which the informational edges rotate (see Table 1).

Table 1: Centrality measures per variable.

If the centrality parameters identify the hegemonic node, the clustering analysis indicates where the nodes and edges are congested. In this way, the agenda-setting effect explains the process related to the route that information follows in the face of the diffusion of scarcity or abundance at local, regional, and federal levels. In other words, the newspapers analyzed seem to be guided by an agenda-setting effect around water scarcity or abundance (see Table 2).

Table 2: Clustering measures per variable.

The analysis of the correlations between the nodes and the informational edges, as well as the effects of agenda (setting) or positioning of water scarcity or abundance, framing effect (framing) or cause of scarcity or abundance, the effect of intensification (priming) or impact of information on audiences and the participation effect (melding) around the demand and supply of water, suggests that it is the diffusion of scarcity or abundance with its impact on audiences that determines the information network of the reviewed newspapers.

Table 3: Weights matrix.

Second Study

The intermediation analysis suggests that the user's status prevails as an influential node concerning the other components of opinions on water (see Fig. 1). In this sense, the digital partner network means that the topic of water is highly mediated in the socio-digital network since it is enough for one user to write an opinion to influence other users.

Figure 1: Atitudinal centrality of users concerning water.

Regarding the analysis of attitudes towards water in the grouping of opinions (see Fig. 2). The results show that the node related to friendships explains this process of concentration of attitudes and views regarding water. In this sense, the findings agree with the theory of attitudes that suggests interaction with peers as a prelude to user decisions and actions regarding a topic.

Figure2: Attitudinal clustering of users concerning water.

The analysis of the neural network of attitudes and opinions suggests that the learning process begins with the node related to friendships and culminates with the node related to followers (see Fig. 3). In other words, the theme of water originated in the close contacts of the centralizing and unifying nodes to impact the followers of the analyzed users. According to the theory of attitudes, this phenomenon reflects a network of opinions around a topic that spreads like a snowball effect. That is, the amplification of the topic occurred due to the participation of the analyzed users regarding water scarcity.

Figure 3: Attitudinal network of users concerning water.

First Study

The meanings around discourses and narratives have focused on water services' availability, supply, and rates without assuming the system's consequences on environmental public health, as is the case of waterborne diseases.

Discourses and narratives seem to converge on a logic of water service supply based on quality and the corresponding rate based not on availability or consumption but on reducing the water footprint. The quality of the service assimilated as a meaning of comfort based on a constant supply, a reduction in illnesses, and a corresponding cost; the interviewees seem to legitimize the supply policy contrary to the demand of excluded sectors and the expectations of industries such as academics that seek a supply based on availability per capita short, the structuring, centrality, and clustering coefficients suggest direct, consistent, and homogeneous relationships between edges and nodes. In other words, the media coverage of water services begins with establishing the agenda and culminates with the effect of intensity between the press releases regarding the readers. The network of findings reported in the literature suggests a structure of nodes and edges related to scarcity, unhealthiness, and scarcity of water services. This work's contribution to the state of the matter lies in unveiling an ordinary meaning between three actors who share a scenario of scarcity, shortage, unhealthiness, and high water service costs. From such a context, they have built the legitimacy of a policy of offer that consists of achieving a quality service to establish even more differences between excluded sectors concerning sectors that aspire to recover comfort.

There is a trend toward predicting rational, deliberate, planned, and systematic behavior dissociated from cooperative and supportive lifestyles [59]. The EPS allows for the limitation of an intervention model in which social services include the relationships between spatial, temporal, cognitive, and behavioral variables concerning quality of life. The EPS warns that predicting behavior favorable to ecological balance and, consequently, to saving water is determined by a deliberate, planned, and systematic information processing system in which beliefs, perceptions, motives, and attitudes determine the intentions of leading sustainable lifestyles. This is the case of the study carried out by et al. [60], in which equity and habitability are indicators of the perception of subjective well-being. In this model, citizen demands for housing are articulated with real estate public policies through the assumption that social protection and security are inherent in the habitat's perceptual construction. This way, socio-economic studies or mediating conflicts over water supply use the relationships between availability and consumption. The beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions are linked to the perception of efficient service, and the equitable distribution between neighbors and between species are indicators of the quality of municipal services that are reflected in the evaluation of government action and the performance of its ministries. Environmental. Regarding social worker training for social services oriented to water sustainability, the EPS warns that the students' categorizations will determine their self-management capacities. In this sense, Ferrer et al. (2014) research shows that social responsibility is a central factor in training social entrepreneurs. In this area, the EPS indicates that social responsibility is the product of categorizing information concerning the abundance or scarcity of water. That is, social responsibility emerges in the face of intermittent supply as an individual response to anticipate social problems or conflicts between authorities and users of the drinking water service. Suppose the individual considers paying an increasingly higher rate per water unit unfair. In that case, he will be more willing to confront the authorities for an intermittent supply at a lower cost. Finally, for the Environmental Social Work proposal of Liévano [60], it is possible to note that the quality of life in its objective dimensions of resources and public services can be complemented with a subjective dimension related to well-being and social responsibility. However, social responsibility alludes to civic virtues that the Psychological Studies of Sustainability have recently incorporated but have not empirically demonstrated [61]. It is necessary to delve into these dimensions to establish a more comprehensive research and intervention model that links the environmental, economic, political, social, and cognitive dimensions not only for a better diagnosis and evaluation of public policies but also to establish a public agenda aimed at Sustainable development.

Second Study

The literature on water management encompasses a wide range of topics and approaches. Brown et al. [62] reviewed barriers to sustainable urban water management, highlighting socio-institutional challenges such as community engagement, resource allocation, and coordination. Gallego-Ayala [62] discussed the emergence of integrated water resources management (IWRM) as a guiding framework for water development, with countries worldwide adopting its principles into national policies. Stefanelli et al. [64] focused on integrative indigenous and Western knowledge in water research, analyzing successful projects in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Miguel [65] specifically examined the literature on water management on the Mexico-US border, while Jesus et al. [66] and Abdeljawad [66] reviewed the role of water fluoridation in dental health. [66] Reviewed water issues in southern Africa, focusing on water rights and the environment. Urbinatti et al. [67] conducted a systematic literature review on the conceptual basis of water-energy-food nexus governance to clarify key themes and gaps in the literature. Cole et al. [68] explored the tourism-water nexus, identifying gaps in the literature related to climate change and the Sustainable Development Goals. Finally, Sochacka et al. [69] discussed interpretations of liveability in urban water management, emphasizing the role of water in enhancing public greenspace and stormwater management. The literature reviewed focuses on Top-down policies, where authorities define the guidelines and rates for water distribution and consumption. In this sense, the second study with users of the social network's opinions analyzed indicates that the water problem is not defined. Still, the attitudes and understandings towards the information disseminated about scarcity are.In this way, the two studies corroborate the urgency of including the water problem on the public agenda. In line with the literature reviewed, the findings support the research agenda around the water problems of scarcity, shortage, unhealthiness, and high cost. The first study validates the importance of water as a resource for local sustainability. The second study also corroborates the topic's importance in socio-digital networks and its snowball effect.

The present work has exposed the correlational studies of the Psychology of Sustainability (PS). SP has established causal models to predict water waste or savings based on significant associations between cultural, dispositional, situational, cognitive, and behavioral factors. The extrinsic and intrinsic reasons for saving water mainly affect the resource's care, optimization, and reuse [69]. The diversification of austerity is due to a system of beliefs or exogenous factors that, associated with attitudes, determine water saving [70]. To the extent that beliefs of abundance intensify, users of the drinking water service seem to trust that the public service will supply them with a volume of water more significant than the expected average. Such expectations affect the waste of water when used in their residences. In contrast, beliefs about scarcity and the prolongation of droughts are linked to dispositions favorable to water care. Even for extrinsic reasons such as economic benefits, people are satisfied with the shortage and adapt to the circumstances by significantly reducing their consumption.

However, the diversification of austerity also leads to extreme water reuse behaviors that are unfavorable to the health of communities and neighborhoods on the periphery of development [71]. Coupled with scarcity and shortages, unhealthiness complements the cycle of water catastrophe. In the areas surrounding the cities, the public water supply and sanitation services are innocuous. In such a situation, communities face the problem through extremely unhealthy strategies, such as reusing soapy water or rainwater for the toilet. In the medium and long term, children from communities and peripheral neighborhoods develop water-borne diseases, which represent five million deaths in economically emerging countries. So far, PS has not explored the effects of diversification of frugality and austerity or the consequences of environmental public policies on tariff systems, conflicts, clientelism, and corruption reported by the media [71]. The EPS in the field of correlations has only reported the relationships between cognitive and behavioral factors. That has been his main contribution to environmental problems. The EPS has contributed to demonstrating hypothetical relationships and constructing causal models that allow the development of interdisciplinary theories, methods, and techniques [72]. The PS has established significant relationships between cultural, dispositional, spatial, and situational variables with cognitive and behavioral factors. Such findings have made it possible to delineate consumer tariff systems as an instrument of the legitimacy of the State and its public policies regarding environmental problems. Attitudinal Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, the main frames of reference for EPS, have been developed from the exposed discoveries [73]. If beliefs are exogenous factors that explain the diversification of water frugality, they would be linked to socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors from which it would be possible to infer profiles of public drinking water and sanitation service users. Such inventories would update the rate systems, subsidies, and sanctions. However, the EPS seems to move towards neurocognitive models that explain prospective water scarcity situations to predict future behavior and water supply, consumption, and price systems [74]. The psychological studies of sustainability carried out in the northern hemisphere have been influenced by liberal economic approaches in which the State deregulates the rates of public resources and services but establishes their conservation based on their scarcity. This perspective guarantees the capacities of future generations for their development in the face of imminent climate change. In developed and emerging economies, or rather, economic centrality, sustainability is synonymous with regulating the energy and water market. In this way, northern psychology has anticipated the impact of fatalistic scenarios on human behavior. In contrast, psychological studies of sustainability taking place in the southern hemisphere have established the effects of state deregulation on communities [75]. As public resources and services intensify, subsidy systems increase not as a function of the scarcity of resources but as a function of the relationship between the governors and the governed. In this sense, psychological studies of the sustainability of the South have tried to understand the symbols, meanings, and meanings of local development to link community knowledge with city rationalities, respect for nature and its species, and the consumerism of urban services. The psychological studies of sustainability in the northern hemisphere have established the topics of debate on the agenda of those who govern developed and emerging economies to warn about the coming energy crisis [76]. In contrast, psychological studies of sustainability in the southern hemisphere have established the axes of discussion for understanding communities and exploring neighborhoods regarding public resources and services in a situation of scarcity, vulnerability, marginality, and exclusion. However, psychological studies in the South seem to be moving closer to describing and explaining climate change as its effects intensify in communities and neighborhoods on the outskirts of cities and economic and financial capitals [77]. This is so because those who suffer more and more from natural disasters, environmental catastrophes, droughts, hurricanes, floods, or overcrowding will have to develop lifestyles due to water and food scarcity, the proliferation of water-borne diseases, and conflicts over public services. Therefore, environmental and social work can integrate the findings reported in the state of knowledge into a comprehensive model that efficiently evaluates public policies based on the subjectivity of drinking water service users. The objective of this work has been to reveal the integral meaning of municipal water services in diverse actors and sectors that share in common an unfavorable scenario for their human development. Still, the type of interpretive study, the type of non-probabilistic sampling, and the type of Hermeneutic analysis limit the results to the interviewees and informants, suggesting the inclusion of other categories that the consulted literature identifies as defenselessness and farsightedness to denote a scenario not only of scarcity, shortage, unhealthiness, and famine but of indifference and inaction in the face of common water problems.

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