According to the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT), Viet Nam with over 3260 kilometers of coastline, beautiful beaches, mountainous highlands and friendly people, diverse cultural and historic sites, Vietnam’s tourism industry continues to rank amongst the fastest-growing tourist destinations in the world, with revenue in 2018 reaching VND620 trillion (US$26.75 billion), up VND110 billion (US$4.75 billion) compared to 2017. Thanh Hoa is a province in the North Central Coast of Vietnam. Its capital is Thanh Hoa City. The province has a well-known sea resort called Sam Son, which is situated about 15 km from the provincial capital. This place has been a famous spot for Vietnam tourism since the beginning of the previous century, when the French begun building facilities there to serve themselves and the courts of the Nguyen regime. In addition to the gifts that the nature presents, Sam Son also has many attractions for the travelers to explore. With a long and beautiful beach reaching more than 16 km in length, the very flat and gentle sandbank, the clean. Also, this is a good place to try various local seafood varieties such as shrimps, crabs, fishes makes the scenery of Sam Son beach magnificent and attractive. Besides, Sam Son also has another fascinating destination with many natural attractions and historical relics: the Truong Le Mountain range. The part that is contiguous to the sea is called Co Giai Islet. On top of this islet, there is a small pagoda named “Doc Cuoc”, which means “One Leg”. The pagoda is the place for the local people to recall the epic legend of a giant that manages to slay a sea monster and to guard the sea in the past. Also, there is a special rock name “Trong Mai”, formed with two huge boulders on a flat rock. There is a story that these rocks represent a pair of husband and wife, who love each other passionately even when both have been transformed into birds. However, the exploitation and development of Sam Son beach tourism is not sustainable and standing in front big challenges of climate change. According to statistics of the functional industry of Sam Son town, from 2005 to present coastal erosion has encroached on the mainland from 30 to 100 meters, but the most powerful is the last 4 years, hundreds of hectares of land are salty; more than 1.5 hectares of coastal casuarina forest, 20 hectares of protective forest land were invaded and destroyed by sea water. Coastal erosion has caused damage to non-Casuarina coastal forest and narrowing the administrative boundaries of Sam Son town, directly affect human life, tourism resources, infrastructure, historical and cultural relics, seasonality and all tourism activities of Sam Son town. According to estimates, every year, Sam Son town damages billions of VND because of sea encroachment, in which damage is clearly shown in Van Chai resort. Without Adaptation measures to Climate impact promptly, then nearly 3 km of the rest of Sam Son beach will be invaded by the sea. Therefore, proactively Sam Son beach tourism adapted to climate change, increasing resource management and environmental protection are issues has a particularly important meaning and urgent.

Impact of climate change on marine tourism Sam Son

According to preliminary statistics from UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). Exact figures are difficult to provide, tourism has a broad nature and various components which all contribute to a different extent to climate change (CO₂, heating, air-conditioning, construction, etc.). Despite these difficulties, recent approximations estimate: Tourism is responsible of about 5% of global CO₂ emissions. In terms of radiative forcing, tourism contributes to 4.6% of global warming. The transport sector, including air, car and rail, generates the largest proportion, with 75% of all emissions. In terms of carbon emissions, air causes 54-75% while coach and rail 13%. Air travel is considered the main tourism contributor to global warming: It’s responsible for 40% of the total carbon emissions caused by this sector, and 54-75 of radiative forcing. The accommodation sector accounts for approximately 20% of emissions from tourism. This involves heating, air-conditioning and the maintenance of bars, restaurants, pools and so on. Clearly, this varies according to the location and size of the accommodation, as well as the type of establishments – hotels having greater energy consumption than pensions or camping sites. Furthermore, activities such as museums, theme parks, events or shopping also contribute to certain amounts of emissions (approx. 3.5%) [1-5]. Thanh Hoa Province with a long coastline, wide territorial waters 17000 square kilometers, Thanh Hoa Sea and coastal areas there are quite rich and diverse resources, among them are outstanding marine resources, marine tourism resources and maritime services. Along the coast, there are many estuaries and small and large creeks, which are favorable conditions for the development of mangrove forests and aquaculture. However, at present, with the influence of climate change, the coastal areas of Thanh Hoa, including Sam Son, are heavily influenced by natural disasters, storms, tropical depressions, coastal erosion, and salt and water intrusion. Under the sea level rise scenario of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, if the sea level rise by 1 meter, it will be over 2.5% then the whole area of the central coastal provinces is at risk of flooding, nearly 9% of the population of this region will be directly impact. Sea level rise will lead to saline intrusion, in Sam Son town the phenomenon of coastal erosion has been obvious, only in the storm No. 7 in 2005, and the sea has intruded saline water into the land more than 100m. Landslide coasters cause damage to non-casuarina coastal forest and narrowing the town's boundaries, directly affecting hundreds of hectares of aquaculture, and people's livelihood. It is estimated that each year the town has lost hundreds of billions VND because of sea salt intrusion. Results of field surveys and in-depth interviews of 250 votes for both men and women, belonging to the Information and Culture Department, Farmers 'Association, Red Cross Association, Veterans' Association, Tourism Association, people, travel agency, the way of independent interviewing to ensure representation has shown that the impacts of climate change have initially greatly affected the development of Sam Son beach tourism, by tourism services such as relaxation, transportation, sightseeing and entertainment activities depend heavily on weather conditions. In bad weather, tourism activities will be affected, even in many cases, it is necessary to cancel tours or terminate due to storms and sea level rise. Specifically, climate change indirect impact (20%) tourism resources; (30%) Tourism infrastructure and (15%) tourism technical infrastructure and (35%) Seasonality in marine tourism, in addition to the impact of climate change that indirect impact tourism services such as resorts, passenger transfers and sightseeing activities, entertainment depends heavily on weather conditions. These impacts have almost no long-term adaptation measures) and sustainable.

Tourism Resources

The risk of sea level rise will flood the humanistic tourism resources, areas such as the relics of To Hien Thanh Temple, Hon Trong Mai, Lang Hoi Temple, Thanh Khe Temple (Van Village), Ngu Ong Temple (Ca Ong Church), traditional craft villages have been recognized as net weaving in Quang Tien, Quang Cu ward and fish sauce processing in Quang Tien ward, ... However, most of these objects have not been exploited for tourism development. About natural tourism resources such as landscapes, has no signs of impact by flooded scenarios. The impact assessment results are affected.

Tourism Infrastructure

Infrastructure for tourism (transport system, level - drainage, power supply: In 2009, due to the effects of sea level rise, combined with rain, storms and Ma river flow, coastline and protective forest land suffered from severe landslides in Quang Cu commune, and Quang Tien and Quang Cu river dyke lines in Sam Son town, Thanh Hoa province. Specifically, the coastline from the Ma river creek to Van Chai tourist area is destroyed by seawater at the deepest point of about 100 mets, shallow place to 40 meters. Seawater intrusion also swept nearly 30 hectares of land, in which, about 20 hectares of protective forest land, 10 hectares of aquaculture land of local people...). The system of roads and embankments along Ho Xuan Huong road are in danger of being seriously flooded. In addition, wastewater treatment stations and power supply stations are forecast to be in the flooded area. This greatly affects environmental quality and electrical insecurity. Trung Son landfill leachate waste water overflowed everywhere in the rice fields and fish ponds of people. The landfill is located next to the Do river, the south of the coast in Truong Son ward; the north connecting with Ma River and also pouring into Sam Son beach. Travelers to this beach must also bathe with dirty, foul-smelling sewage. According to some local people ''Visitors are not happy, garbage is full of beaches, sea water mixed with leachate with stench, some roads into coastal villages are littered with garbage. Some tourists feel frustrated and insecure when choosing Sam Son beach as a resting place, breathing fresh air after working days in a noisy city”. Evaluation results impact on tourism infrastructure at the level of "severely affected".

Material and technical facilities for tourism

Most technical and material facilities (technical facilities) to serve tourism (systems of hotels, restaurants, shops, post offices, banks,) in Sam Son city, there is a risk of being flooded by sea level rise. Notably, the impacted area is mainly in the coastal area and in the center of Sam Son city, where the system of restaurants and hotels is concentrated. In the scope of this study, the subjects of technical facilities for tourism only researched 1 to 3-star hotels and small and medium-sized restaurants. The results show that over 20% of the subjects are at risk of flooding and the impact assessment results "are affected".

Seasonality in marine tourism in Sam son

The nature of the travel seasonality is the cyclical fluctuation in the year between the relationship of "supply" and "demand" in tourism and is characterized by the intensity, length and frequency of the travel seasonality. Intensity of the travel seasonality is the time to concentrate many tourists in the travel seasonality. The most favorable climatic conditions to visitors experience Sam Son marine tourism is the number of rainy days decreases in the year, the number of sunny hours in the day increases, the average air temperature in the day is not very high and regulating seawater temperature from the end of May to the end of August every year. Tourism activities in marine Sam Son focus summer from March to April, the remaining months of the year almost have no tourists. Evaluation results impact on tourism infrastructure "severely affected". Based on consultations with stakeholders in the field, the weather phenomenon has affected the tourism business activities of enterprises, tourism resources, tourism infrastructure, tourism facilities and fashion properties. Services in marine tourism are as follows:

The actual status of adaptation measures

According to the “climate change and sea level rise scenarios, (2016)” of Viet Nam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thanh Hoa province is one of the localities affected by climate change, sea level rise, in which Sam Son is one of the affected areas. Therefore, the application of climate change and sea level rise scenarios of Viet Nam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in the operation of Thanh Hoa Tourism industry is indispensable and essential. Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee has developed an action plan to adaptation measures with climate change with the following principles: adaptation measures with climate change must be conducted with focus; is the task of the whole political system, of the whole society, sectors, organizations and individuals. Action plan to respond to climate change is implemented synchronously, in which, the stage is divided according to both the urgency and the long-term, proactive, urgent, timely and effective, ensuring the sustainable development of each locality, each sector, simultaneously implementing synchronously with the socio-economic development plan of Thanh Hoa province. In particular, will implement research activities, technology application, the proposed measures respond to climate change in the areas and sectors. However, in order to well implement this action plan, the province should have a solution to prioritize the planning and enhancing the adaptability of the community, especially for the poor (the most severely affected people of climate change) and implement positive policies in economic sectors affected by climate change. In addition, there should be a program and necessary funds for research, promotion of initiatives, application of new technologies, and detection of effective measures to adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change. On the other hand, the effective use of local and government resources and international organizations in investing and transferring new technologies to successfully implement climate change adaptation and mitigation policies. Most importantly, it is necessary to change attitudes and raise people's awareness of climate change so everyone has a responsibility to join hands to protect the environment, protect his own life with the most practical actions. - Integrating scenarios of climate change and sea level rise in planning and implementing investment projects with all sectors - Adjusting the development objectives and strategies of the sectors to suit scenarios of climate change and sea level rise - Encouraging and promoting environmental protection movements, mitigating and adapting to climate change in the whole industry - Strengthening the application of scientific and technical advances in the sector's activities to minimize negative impacts on the natural environment The impact of climate change on the tourism industry is responded by adaptive measures such as replacement, investment in appropriate equipment (specifically set up air conditioning systems when temperature changes ...) or diversify tourism activities to create flexibility when sudden climate change occurs. In addition, measures to mitigate the impacts of tourism on climate change also need attention and implementation, especially measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, from reducing energy consumption and increasing use of renewable energy and carbon sequestration. - Reducing energy consumption is the most important aspect of mitigation, can be done through the application of policies, program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There should be some propaganda programs for tourists, which can encourage tourists to change their travel habits, such as changing destination choices or transport modes such as transfer from vehicles causing high emissions (cars) to lower emissions vehicles (electric vehicles). - Improving the efficiency of using alternative energy, investing in energy-saving equipment for tourism activities (air conditioning system, upgrading infrastructure for tourism ...). - Use renewable energy sources suitable for tourism, including wind, photovoltaic, solar, geothermal, biomass and renewable energy from waste. - Isolation of carbon (or carbon storage). In tourism, this is done through carbon offset or carbon offset by planting additional trees.

Links To Cope With Climate Change

Hotels, motels, travel agencies, travel services businesses and individuals need to link and work closely with related industries such as Transport, Planning and Investment to: - Investing in research, survey and survey programs, calculating the potential of reducing emissions in tourism; reducing emissions through reducing electricity consumption from residential areas, restaurants and resorts; reduce emissions through efficient water use in residences, restaurants and resorts; developing river tourism in Sam Son area; developing ecotourism (sustainable tourism), etc. upgrading infrastructure and technical facilities for tourism in the locality. - Establishing a group of voluntary quick response to climate change response in Sam Son city includes core cadres of Women's Union, Farmer's Union, Red Cross, Youth Union at village level, commune / ward to town level. This group needs to be trained to improve their knowledge of climate change and to invest in equipment and support facilities. - Develop a mechanism to coordinate tourism businesses with the government departments of Sam Son city in implementing specific activities to prevent and mitigate 6 types of natural disasters and adapt to climate change has been identified, including: storms, floods, droughts, coastal erosion, saline intrusion, moving sand.

Complete mechanisms and policies

Policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which can reduce tourism flows or promote the change of tourism structure and choose the time of arrival at Sam Son. - All people need to participate in reviewing legal documents on responding to climate change in order to strictly implement legal documents on climate change response of Sam Son city. - All people participate in developing coordination mechanisms in the tasks of developing marine tourism to cope with climate change has interdisciplinary nature - And taking part in developing guidelines for consolidating and developing human resources, equipping material and technical facilities to serve the adaptation to climate change.

Raising awareness adaptive capacity with climate change

Authorities coordinate with tourism businesses to propagate, educate, and raise awareness about climate change response for organizations, individuals, tourism enterprises, tourists and community members. Residents. - Learning many development models of community-based CCA tourism developed and implemented successfully in some other coastal localities, such as mangrove planting pattern combine to create sustainable livelihoods for people, extensive shrimp farming model, development model of energy-saving marine tourism, - Coordination of implementing programs adapt to climate change between state agencies and departments with mass organizations such as Women's Union, Union of Science and Technology Associations, Labor Union, Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, Farmer's Union, NGOs, Committee for flood and storm prevention and natural disasters ... and establish a network of key propagandists in the locality. - Organize training courses to improve knowledge of climate change and possible risks, measures to prevent, respond to, information systems and warnings of hazards caused by climate change. - Develop action plans to respond to climate change with the participation of the people.

Adaptation measures to climate change for hotels, restaurants, and other tourism businesses

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Adaptation measures to climate change for hotels, restaurants, and other tourism businesses

Overcome the seasonality in tourism

Seasonal climate change and extreme weather phenomena such as Northeast monsoon, storm, tropical low pressure, flood, ... are factors that create seasonality in sea tourism activities, even hindering tourism activities. To overcome seasonality in marine tourism activities in Sam Son, there should be specific orientations and solutions such as diversifying types of tourism products and products, developing tourism types that are less affected by climate conditions such as sightseeing tourism, ecotourism, community tourism experiences the life of the fishing people.       In addition, investment in technical facilities, equipment for tourism, planning points, promote promotion for sea tourism and protect marine tourism resources to reduce the intensity of the travel season, extend the season of tourism during the year. Specifically, the detailed planning of eco-tourism area in Quang Cu commune; historical relics, Some specific solutions are: - It is necessary to coordinate with the Provincial Tourism Association, tourism business and localities to set up tours, organize cultural and sport events to attract tourists to Sam Son during low time. - Strengthen attracting guests by organizing sports tournaments, cultural and cultural programs in Sam Son during the period from September to April next year. - Develop plans to develop specific types of tourism in Sam Son city, like swimming, resort, spiritual tourism, developing various types of entertainment services, entertainment; tourism combined conference, workshop,.. - Promoting the potential effectiveness, strength of marine tourism and other types of tourism in 6 neighboring communes to create high quality tourism products, rich and attractive tourism products. High for tourists, especially community ecotourism. - Tourism enterprises need to make efforts to exploit the market, enhance the search for public service tourists, conferences, seminars of agencies, departments, branches and companies nationwide. There are marketing and promotion measures in low season, discounts or implementation of promotional measures for activities. - In the absence of tourists, it is necessary to organize the upgrading of infrastructure, equipment, additional auxiliary services, training of human resources. In addition, units need to implement many measures to save costs during the off-season, but also need to ensure the minimum wage for employees to keep employees. - Strengthen trade promotion activities and cooperation activities with international organizations to be supported with programs and projects on developing marine tourism to cope with climate change. - Enhancing the attraction of foreign investment in the field of response to climate change, especially attracting technology - high technology to effectively serve the development of marine tourism to cope with climate change.

Tourism is an economic sector that is sensitive to the natural environment and is therefore one of the sectors most affected by climate change and sea level rise. Climate change has a direct impact on tourism infrastructure, travel activities, tourism resources and seasonality in marine tourism. In the context of Vietnam is identified as a country heavily affected by climate change and sea level rise, research and development of marine tourism to cope with climate change at a specific point such as Sam Son is very important and necessary. The results of this project will be a scientific basis and a valuable reference source for activities to respond to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise in the tourism sector in Sam Son in particular and other areas. In general, contributing to ensuring the sustainable development of tourism in Vietnam.

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