The coasts of Indonesia, an archipelago with an average of 81,000 kilometres of coastline, serve as a source of income for local residents. Coastal area. The coastal area is where the sea and land meet. All kinds of processes that occur depend on very intense interactions between the two land areas and waters in the coastal areas, where land and sea meet. Law Number 1 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 27 of 2007 concerning Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands, which states that Coastal Areas are transitional areas between land and sea ecosystems that are affected by changes in land and sea, confirms. This definition relates to coastal area. Coastal areas have various future resources by taking into account their various potentials which have not yet been optimally developed [1]. Apart from having great fishery potential, coastal areas are also rich in several coastal and marine resources which have the potential to be further developed including mining, marine tourism, and very high biodiversity as an attraction for the development of ecotourism activities [2]. Characteristics of people who live in coastal areas, socio-economically influenced by economic sources from the sea. The type of livelihood generally utilizes natural resources, namely as a fisherman, fish farmer or worker or owner of the maritime industry. [3]. Indonesian coastal life should make fishermen rich people because of Indonesia's abundant marine wealth. But in fact, the socio-economic conditions of coastal communities are generally at the poverty line, low levels of education, especially traditional fishermen do not know and are aware of the sustainability of natural resources and the environment [4,5]. Another causal factor is when fishermen do not go to sea because of bad weather, while their basic needs still have to be met, they choose to go into debt. Most Indonesian fishermen are labor fishermen with low socio-economic levels and welfare. Fishermen have to adapt to an unstable economic situation due to unpredictable catches and meteorological conditions. These conditions make women have to contribute in supporting household income to achieve prosperity. Fishermen women are an inseparable part of the fishermen's family, the existence of fishermen's women are fishermen's wives who have a dual role, namely taking care of the household and playing an important role as supporting the economic needs of the fishermen's household / family, besides that girls in fishermen's families are also called women fishermen, the contribution made by fisherwomen affects the welfare of fishermen's families in the family economy [5]. The meaning of welfare is the realization of increased income, health and education of fisherman families. The welfare of fisherwomen refers to conditions that enable women involved in the fishing sector or fishing activities to achieve a balanced, productive life and fulfil their physical, social and economic needs. Studies on welfare patterns based on fisherwomen published in journals between 2017 and 2023 can be qualified as the main topic, namely improving the economy of fishing families and empowering fisherwomen. The topic of improving the fishermen's family economy is divided into 2 sub-topics, namely: 1) The role of gender in improving the welfare of fishermen's families, 2) The contribution of fishermen's women's income to the welfare of fishermen's families. Meanwhile, the topic of empowering fisherwomen is divided into 2 sub-topics, namely: 1) training given to fisherwomen, 2) Empowerment of fisherwomen.

Research Methods

This study uses a qualitative research method, namely content analysis paper from the Google Scholar database. The content of the paper analysis is used to get the main mapping and themes discussed in the Google Scholar database at a certain time for further analysis of the contents (content analysis). The paper selected in this review comes from a search on the Google Scholar database with the keywords welfare or "fishing women" or "welfare" AND "fishing women" in the period 2017 to 2017. 2023. The search process uses the help of the Publish or Perish application. In the first stage the author did a search for papers in the Google Scholar database with the keywords "Welfare" AND "Fisherwomen" and found 450 papers that matched the search keywords. After going through the process of reading the title, abstract, and keywords the papers that are still relevant are 70. Then in the final stage, the authors obtain 20 papers as papers that are reviewed in this research.

Welfare of Fisherwomen

Gender equality is an important factor in achieving the welfare of fisherwomen. This includes equal opportunity to participate in fishing activities, equal access to fisheries resources, and empowering women in making decisions related to the fisheries sector. Steps are needed to overcome the gender gap and stereotypes that exist in the fisheries sector. [6]. Fisher women must have equal access to fisheries resources, including access to waters, equipment, capital, and training. In some cases, social traditions and customary law can limit women's access to these resources. Therefore, it is important to promote policies that strengthen women's access to resources and ensure that they have equal opportunities to participate in and benefit from the fisheries sector.

Fisher women must have equal access to fisheries resources, including access to waters, equipment, capital, and training [7]. In some cases, social traditions and customary law can limit women's access to these resources. Therefore, it is important to promote policies that strengthen women's access to resources and ensure that they have equal opportunities to participate in and benefit from the fisheries sector. (Tosepu & Effendy, 2016)[8]

Improving the Economy of Fishermen's Families

Improving the economy of fishing families refers to efforts made to increase the income and welfare of families who depend on the fishing sector or fishing activities, namely diversification of income sources depending on only one source of income, such as fishing, which can increase economic risk for fishing families. Diversifying sources of income can help mitigate this risk [9]. For example, fishing families may consider other alternatives such as fish farming, seaweed cultivation, or marine tourism activities. This diversification allows fishing families to earn additional income and reduces their vulnerability to price fluctuations or bad fishing seasons. [10] [11] Access to Finance and Support Services is also an effort to improve the economy of fishing families, through adequate access to financial services, such as micro loans or credit, which can be used to expand their fishing business or buy the necessary equipment. In addition, institutional support, such as business training, technical assistance, and collaborative networks between fishermen, can also help the fishermen's economy.[12]. Furthermore, education is an important factor in improving the welfare of fisherwomen. A good education provides access to the knowledge, skills and information needed to optimize participation in the fisheries sector and make informed decisions. In addition, social empowerment through fishermen women's organizations or networks can also be used to strengthen relations in fishermen's activities or the fisheries sector [13].

Empowerment of Fisherwomen

Empowerment is an interdisciplinary construction based on social psychology theories. Although empowerment has a strong theoretical foundation, there are only a few context-specific quantitative studies that have been designed to evaluate empowerment for specific populations. The results of the exploratory factor analysis identified three psychological empowerment factors that were closely related to the previous conceptual conceptualization, namely: self-perception, knowledge and resource participation. Further analysis suggests a hierarchical relationship among the three factors, with resource knowledge predicting participation when controlling for self-perception. [3]. According to Christofer Ondang and Frans Singkoh [14] community empowerment is a process in which the community, especially those who are poor in resources, women and other neglected groups to be supported in order to be able to improve their welfare independently, there are three factors that influence the empowerment of small fishermen, namely factors technical, cultural, and structural.

In several regions in Indonesia, fisherwomen carry out 3 roles, namely reproductive (household/domestic), productive and social (public) roles. Reproductive activities are generally carried out by these fisherwomen, with an allocation of time devoted per day (24 hours) amounting to 31.63%, equivalent to 7.59 hours. In productive activities, men spend more time than women, namely 49.29%, equivalent to 11.83. The allocation of time devoted to social activities by women is 5.75% or the equivalent of 1.38 hours, while for men it is 0.5% or the equivalent of 0.12 hours. Decision making in the domestic sector is mostly made by women and also by mutual agreement between husband and wife. [3]. Empowerment of fisherwomen in marine and fisheries development is difficult to develop, this is partly due to the lack of science and technology and poverty levels. Some of the problems in the integration of fisherwomen in maritime and fisheries development include, the state of education which is generally very low, women's labor is often not assessed, there are still socio-cultural values of the community as an obstacle to the active participation of fisherwomen, while the workload of women in the family high enough. [15].

Result

Paper search results based on keywords.

Table 1: Article Search Results Based on Keywords.

Quantitative descriptive

Table 2: Paper description based on year of publication.

Table 3: Paper description based on publication type.

Table 4: Paper description based on methodology.

Table 5: Paper description by topic.

In the table above it can be understood, from the selected articles, it can be identified that improving the economy of fishing families through the role of women and the contribution of fisherwomen is more discussed, followed by empowering fisherwomen through training and models of empowering fisherwomen.

In the search results for articles with the theme of patterns of welfare for fisherwomen, 20 articles were found spanning 2017 - 2023. The 20 articles were grouped into two main topics, namely improving the economy of fishing families and empowering fisherwomen. The topic of improving the Economy of Fishermen's Families, the sub-topic of the role of fisherwomen is the most articles with a percentage of 40%. While the article that was the least discussed was the sub-topic of training given to fisherwomen with a percentage of 15%, more research is needed with descriptions of papers other than journals, namely books, proceedings. There are still many discussions that have not been researched such as the welfare of fisherwomen in an Islamic economic perspective.

1. Muda, Rahmanta I, Marhayanie and Putra AS. Institutional Fishermen Economic Development Models and Banking Support in the Development of the Innovation System of Fisheries and Marine Area in North Sumatera. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2017;
2. Muda I, Rahmanta M, Marhayanie M and Putra AS. Institutional Fishermen Economic Development Models and Banking and Financing Institution Support in the Development of the Innovation System. In 1st Economics and Business International Conference 2017; 263-268. Atlantis Press.
3. As ZA. Empowerment of Fishermen Communities in the Blanakan Coast Subang Regency. Caraka Prabu: Journal of Government Science. 2017; 1: 84–122.
4. Nasir A, .Basri YM and Kamaliah. Effectiveness of Potential Tax Region as the Real Local Revenue Sources in Riau Coastal Area. International Journal of Economic Research. 2017; 14: 313-324.
5. Sadalia, Isfenti, Linda T, Maas and Joiverdia. The Strengthening of Development Capital and Governance towards Sustainable Livelihood in Coastal Areas of Medan. Academic Journal of Economic Studies. 2017; 3: 12–18.
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19. Hartati S, Bayu K, Mustari E and Karim E. Empowering Fisherwomen Through the Community Based Participatory Action Method (Case Study of Female Fishermen in Pangandaran Village, West Java). Sarwahita. 2021; 18: 91–105.
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21. Moelyaningrum AD, Ma I and Nurika G. Fisherman Women: Sanitation and Family Health Business (Study in Situbondo District, Indonesia) Fisherman `S Wife: Sanitation and the Effort To Increase the Family Health. Ikesma. 18; 217–226.
22. Onibala G, Sondakh SJ and Durand SS. Characteristics of the wife in an effort to increase the income of traditional fishing households in Bulawan Induk Village Kotabunan District East Bolaang Mongondow Regency. Scientific Journal of Fisheries Agribusiness. 2019; 7: 1191–1200.
23. Puspitawati H, Putri ACJ, Titipani A and Khasanah MN. Women's Economic Contribution, Economic Pressure and Family Welfare on Shallot Fisherman and Farmer Families. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences. 2019; 12: 87–99.
24. Ruslin IT and Zainal NA. Capital Accumulation and State Existence: Empowerment Analysis of Women Fishermen Groups (Kwn) in Pattingalloang Subdistrict Kota. Journal of Prophetic Politics. 7.
25. Edyanto S. Empowerment Strategy for Indigenous Papuan Women Fishermen in Biak Numfor District. Resolution: Journal of Social Politics. 2023; 6: 1–15.
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27. Ni S, Wirastika M. et al. Entrepreneurship Mental Attitudes of Fisherwomen and Their Empowerment Patterns in West Lombok Regency. Ganec Swara, September. 2018; 147–153.