For thousands of years, humans have sought effective solutions for tooth replacement. From ancient Egyptian stone implants and Mayan carved seashells to modern titanium osseointegrated fixtures, the evolution of dental implantology reflects humanity's persistent quest to restore oral function and esthetics [1-23]. The serendipitous discovery of titanium's osseointegration capacity by Branemark in the 1960s established the foundation for modern implant dentistry, achieving long-term survival rates exceeding 95% in favorable conditions [24-40].

Despite these remarkable successes, conventional dental implants face persistent limitations. Peri-implantitis, mechanical failures, insufficient soft-tissue integration, and the inability to respond to dynamic biological changes remain significant challenges [41-49]. Traditional implants are fundamentally passive devices they cannot sense their environment, report pathological changes, or actively participate in tissue healing. This passivity represents a critical gap between implant functionality and the dynamic nature of the oral ecosystem, characterized by fluctuating occlusal forces, microbial challenges, salivary biochemical variations, and continuous tissue remodeling [50-62].

The emergence of smart biomaterials and digital technologies has opened new avenues for addressing these limitations. The term "smart biomaterials" was first proposed in 2004, initially defined as materials capable of responding to specific cellular signals [63-66]. Since then, advances in sensor miniaturization, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI), and bioelectric materials have converged to enable a new generation of dental implants that can actively interact with their biological environment [67-78].

This review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of smart dental implant technologies, from foundational concepts to clinical applications and future directions. We address three primary questions: (1) What constitutes "smartness" in dental implants, and how can it be systematically classified? (2) What emerging technologies are enabling smart implant functionality? (3) What are the translational challenges and future opportunities for clinical implementation?

Defining and Classifying Smartness in Dental Implants

The Concept of Smart Biomaterials

The concept of "smartness" in biomaterials has evolved considerably over the past two decades. Montoya et al. proposed a classification of smart biomaterials into four levels based on their interaction with biological environments: inert, active, responsive, and autonomous [44]. Adapting this framework to dental implants provides a structured approach for understanding technological progression [79-85].

A Hierarchical Classification Framework

We propose four levels of smartness for dental implants, representing increasing complexity in implant-tissue interactions and functional autonomy:

Level 1: Biocompatible Implants represent the foundational level of smartness the essential passive property for clinically applicable implants. These materials emphasize safety and harmonious tissue integration without inducing toxic effects or adverse immune reactions. Commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) exemplify this category, demonstrating corrosion resistance and biocompatibility [86-95].

Level 2: Bioactive Implants actively interact with biological tissues to promote desired responses. Surface modifications, including micro-roughening techniques (sandblasting, acid etching) and bioactive coatings (hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate), fall into this category. These interventions enhance bone-implant contact, accelerate osseointegration, and improve early stability [96-103].

Level 3: Bioresponsive Implants can sense environmental changes and initiate appropriate responses. This category includes sensor-embedded implants capable of monitoring temperature, pH, inflammatory biomarkers, or occlusal loads. Bioresponsive systems may release therapeutic agents or generate electrical stimulation in response to specific stimuli [104-112].

Level 4: Bioadaptive Implants represent the highest level of smartness, characterized by autonomous adaptation to dynamic conditions. These theoretical systems would integrate real-time sensing, computational decision-making, and adaptive responses without external intervention. While fully bioadaptive implants remain aspirational, current research on AI-integrated systems and closed-loop feedback mechanisms is progressing toward this goal [113-123].

Enabling Technologies for Smart Dental Implants

Sensor-Embedded Implants for Real-Time Monitoring

One of the most significant advances in smart implant technology is the integration of biosensor platforms within dental implant fixtures and abutments. Li et al. pioneered the concept of embedding sensors that enable continuous peri-implant tissue monitoring with wireless data transmission, transforming implants from passive supports into active diagnostic devices [124-132].

Current Sensor Technologies under Investigation Include

Temperature sensors embedded in complete dentures using thin-film fabrication techniques enable real-time assessment of intraoral thermal fluctuations relevant to both local oral health and systemic conditions [133-145]. Nam et al. demonstrated temperature-sensing dentures fabricated via femtosecond laser pulses, capable of tracking thermal changes associated with inflammation or infection.

Strain and load sensors monitor occlusal force distribution and detect abnormal loading patterns that could precipitate mechanical failure or peri-implant bone loss. Piezoelectric materials integrated into implant components generate electrical signals proportional to applied mechanical stress, providing both sensing capability and therapeutic potential [146-157].

Biochemical sensors designed to detect specific salivary biomarkers including inflammatory cytokines, pH changes, or bacterial metabolites could provide early warning of peri-implant disease before clinical symptoms appear [158-167]. However, challenges related to sensor stability in the oral environment and long-term biocompatibility remain significant barriers.

Wireless monitoring systems such as the Osstell Beacon represent commercially available technologies for non-invasive implant stability assessment. Using resonance frequency analysis to measure Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ), these systems enable clinicians to monitor osseointegration progression without disrupting the healing process [168-175].

Bioelectric and Piezoelectric Smart Implants

A particularly innovative approach involves harnessing masticatory energy to generate therapeutic electrical stimulation. Smart implants incorporating piezoelectric ceramics convert mechanical forces from chewing into electrical impulses that may promote tissue healing and inhibit bacterial colonization [176-183].

Park et al. introduced the concept of a Human Oral Motion-Powered Smart Dental Implant capable of delivering ambulatory photo-biomodulation therapy [184-195]. Preclinical studies suggest that bioelectric stimulation may:

• Enhance gingival blood circulation and promote soft tissue healing
• Exert antibacterial effects, reducing biofilm formation
• Accelerate osseointegration in compromised bone conditions
• Modulate inflammatory responses at the implant-tissue interface

While these findings are promising, it is crucial to emphasize that current evidence remains predominantly preclinical. Well-powered clinical trials are lacking, and long-term safety and efficacy have not been fully established. Bioelectric stimulation should presently be regarded as an emerging experimental concept rather than a validated clinical strategy [196-198].

Nanotechnology-Enabled Multifunctional Surfaces

Nanotechnology has expanded the potential of smart implants by enabling the development of multifunctional surfaces with unprecedented control over biological interactions. Nanomaterial-based approaches include [199-201].

Nanotopographical modifications using anodization, plasma electrolytic oxidation, and laser texturing superimpose nanotubes, nanopores, or nanopillars onto micro-rough titanium surfaces. These features regulate wettability, protein adsorption, and cellular responses at the nanoscale, promoting favorable tissue integration [202-204].

Drug-eluting nanocoatings enable local, controlled release of therapeutic agents including antimicrobial peptides, growth factors, or anti-inflammatory compounds. This targeted approach minimizes systemic side effects while maximizing therapeutic efficacy at the implant site.

Biomimetic surfaces designed to mimic natural bone extracellular matrix characteristics have been developed using self-assembled monolayers, peptide layers, and ion-doped ceramics. These "smart" surfaces can respond to environmental changes, releasing embedded factors in response to specific biochemical triggers [205-207].

Despite promising in vitro results, many nanotechnology-based surface modifications lack long-term clinical validation compared with established sandblasted/acid-etched and conventional calcium phosphate-based surfaces [208-210].

AI-Enhanced Robotic Implant Placement

The integration of artificial intelligence with robotic systems has revolutionized surgical precision in implant dentistry. Robotic-assisted implant placement represents a complementary technology to smart implants themselves, enabling optimal positioning that maximizes long-term success [211].

Current robotic systems demonstrate impressive accuracy metrics. A systematic review by Ravipati et al. reported mean entry deviations of 0.72 ± 0.68 mm, exit deviations of 0.86 ± 0.92 mm, and angular deviations of 1.47 ± 1.61° for robotic-assisted procedures [34]. Fully autonomous robotic systems achieve even lower deviation values, with some studies reporting mean coronal deviation of 0.45 mm and angular deviation of 0.80° [56].

The Yomi system (NEOCIS Inc.), which received FDA approval in 2017, provides haptic guidance without requiring surgical guides, enhancing both precision and workflow efficiency [87]. AI integration enables:

• Automated treatment planning through analysis of large-scale clinical datasets
• Predictive modeling of complication risks and outcomes
• Real-time intraoperative guidance with dynamic adjustment capabilities

However, few systems currently incorporate AI-driven decision-making beyond executing preoperative plans. The realization of "brain-inspired intelligence" in which robots independently formulate strategies similar to experienced clinicians remains in theoretical exploration stages [87].

Clinical Applications and Benefits

Enhanced Osseointegration and Bone Healing

Smart implant technologies offer multiple pathways for improving bone-implant integration. Surface modifications that create hierarchical micro/nano-engineered topographies have demonstrated accelerated osseointegration in preclinical studies [6]. Bioelectric stimulation may further enhance bone formation through mechanotransduction pathways, although clinical evidence remains preliminary [5].

For patients with compromised bone conditions including those with osteoporosis, diabetes, or following radiation therapy smart implants with bioactive surfaces and controlled-release capabilities could expand treatment options and improve predictability [6].

Peri-Implantitis Prevention and Management

Peri-implantitis remains a leading cause of late implant failure, affecting approximately 10-20% of implants after 10 years [2]. Smart implant technologies address this challenge through multiple mechanisms:

• Antibacterial surface properties that resist biofilm formation
• Controlled release of antimicrobial agents in response to bacterial colonization
• Bioelectric effects that may inhibit bacterial adhesion and growth
• Early warning sensors that detect inflammatory changes before irreversible bone loss occurs [3,5]

Personalized Patient Monitoring and Preventive Care

Sensor-enabled smart implants could transform prostheses into personalized health monitoring devices. Continuous tracking of temperature, pH, inflammatory biomarkers, and occlusal loads would enable [3]:

• Early detection of pathological changes before clinical symptoms appear
• Objective assessment of healing progression for evidence-based treatment decisions
• Remote monitoring capabilities reducing the need for frequent follow-up visits
• Integration with digital health platforms for comprehensive patient management

From a broader perspective, intraoral sensors might eventually provide clinically valuable information about systemic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or autoimmune disorders that manifest oral manifestations [37].

Improved Surgical Precision and Outcomes

AI-enhanced robotic placement systems directly contribute to implant success by enabling optimal three-dimensional positioning. Accurate placement considering bone quality, anatomical constraints, and prosthetic requirements is a critical determinant of long-term implant survival [99]. Robotic assistance reduces operator-dependent variability, enhances reproducibility, and may reduce complication rates in complex cases.

Challenges and Limitations

Technical Challenges

Durability and Biocompatibility: The long-term stability of embedded electronics in the oral cavity remains uncertain. Fluctuating pH, temperature variations (from hot beverages to cold foods), mechanical forces up to several hundred Newtons, and corrosive salivary components create an exceptionally harsh environment for electronic components [3].

Power Supply: Sustainable power for embedded sensors represents a fundamental challenge. Options under investigation include wireless charging, energy harvesting from mechanical (mastication) or thermal sources, and ultra-low-power sensor systems. Each approach presents trade-offs between power availability, device size, and clinical practicality [187].

Sensor Stability and Calibration: Biochemical sensors require stable calibration over months or years to provide clinically meaningful data. Drift, fouling, and degradation of sensing elements in the biological environment remain unresolved challenges.

Wireless Data Transmission: Reliable data transmission through oral tissues requires sufficient signal strength while maintaining patient safety and device miniaturization. Interference from other electronic devices and security vulnerabilities must be addressed.

Clinical and Regulatory Challenges

Validation Evidence Gap: Most smart implant technologies lack robust clinical validation. Current evidence is predominantly derived from in vitro studies, animal experiments, small pilot trials, or engineering prototypes [200]. Large-scale, long-term clinical trials with standardized outcome measures are urgently needed.

Regulatory Frameworks: Bio-intelligent prostheses occupy an intersection between dental appliances and medical devices, raising questions regarding appropriate regulatory pathways. Current frameworks (FDA, CE marking) may require adaptation to accommodate multifunctional systems combining restorative, diagnostic, and potentially therapeutic functions [45].

Standardization: No consensus exists on outcome measures, performance metrics, or reporting standards for smart implant studies. This lack of standardization complicates comparison across studies and synthesis of evidence.

Economic and Accessibility Challenges

High Costs: Robotic systems, sensor technologies, and advanced materials remain expensive, limiting access to high-end dental centers and affluent patient populations [117]. The financial burden of acquisition, maintenance, and training creates significant barriers to widespread adoption.

Training Requirements: Clinicians require extensive training to utilize robotic systems and interpret smart implant data effectively. Dental curricula have not yet adapted to incorporate these emerging technologies comprehensively [176].

Insurance and Reimbursement: Unclear reimbursement pathways for smart implant procedures and monitoring services present additional barriers to clinical adoption.

Ethical and Social Considerations

Data Privacy and Security: Continuous health monitoring generates sensitive patient data requiring robust protection. Questions regarding data ownership, consent frameworks for data use, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities must be addressed before widespread implementation [98].

Equitable Access: Advanced technologies risk exacerbating existing disparities in oral healthcare access if not designed for scalability and affordability. Regulatory and funding mechanisms must consider equity implications [77].

Clinical Responsibility: When AI systems contribute to diagnostic or treatment decisions, questions arise regarding liability for adverse outcomes. Clear frameworks for responsibility allocation between clinicians, AI developers, and device manufacturers are needed.

Future Directions and Research Priorities

Toward Bio-Intelligent Prostheses

The convergence of biosensors, nanotechnology, and AI heralds a future in which prostheses function as intelligent health interfaces. Fully bio-intelligent systems would integrate [104]:

• Closed-loop feedback enabling adaptive responses to changing conditions
• Predictive analytics identifying complication risks before they materialize
• Patient-specific optimization learning from individual biological responses
• Systemic health integration contributing to comprehensive health monitoring

While fully autonomous systems incorporating neural interfaces remain aspirational, incremental progress toward these capabilities is already occurring [78].

Research Priorities

Based on the current evidence gaps identified in this review, we recommend the following research priorities:

Clinical Validation: Multicenter randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up (minimum 5 years) examining patient-centered outcomes, complication rates, and cost-effectiveness of smart implant technologies compared to conventional implants.

Standardization: Development of consensus guidelines for outcome measures, performance metrics, and reporting standards in smart implant research, enabling meaningful comparison across studies and systematic evidence synthesis.

Materials Development: Continued research on biocompatible, durable materials for embedded electronics and sensors, with particular attention to long-term stability in the oral environment.

Power Solutions: Investigation of energy harvesting technologies capable of sustainably powering implanted sensors without batteries requiring replacement or recharging [212].

AI Integration: Development of explainable AI systems for clinical decision support, with rigorous validation and attention to algorithmic bias and generalizability across diverse patient populations.

Training and Education: Integration of smart implant technologies into dental curricula and continuing education programs, with emphasis on interdisciplinary collaboration with engineers and data scientists [213].

Clinical Translation Roadmap

Responsible clinical translation of smart implant technologies requires a systematic, phased approach:

Phase I (Current): Refinement of technologies in preclinical models, establishment of safety profiles, and development of manufacturing and quality control standards [214-217].

Phase II (Near-term, 2-5 years): First-in-human studies, small pilot trials establishing feasibility and preliminary safety, and regulatory pathway clarification.

Phase III (Mid-term, 5-10 years): Multicenter clinical trials with adequate sample sizes and follow-up durations, comparative effectiveness research, and health economic analyses.

Phase IV (Long-term, 10+ years): Post-market surveillance, registry development for long-term safety monitoring, and iterative refinement based on real-world evidence.

Smart dental implants represent a transformative evolution in oral rehabilitation, moving beyond passive mechanical replacement toward interactive, adaptive systems capable of active biological engagement. The hierarchical classification framework proposed in this review biocompatible, bioactive, bioresponsive, and bioadaptive provides a structured approach for understanding technological progression and identifying current capabilities and future aspirations.

Significant advances have been achieved in sensor integration, bioelectric materials, nanotechnology-enabled surfaces, and AI-enhanced robotic placement. These technologies offer promising solutions to persistent challenges including peri-implantitis, compromised osseointegration, and the need for personalized patient monitoring.

However, substantial barriers remain before smart implants achieve routine clinical adoption. Technical challenges including power supply, durability, and sensor stability require resolution. The evidence base requires strengthening through rigorous clinical trials with standardized outcomes. Regulatory frameworks need adaptation for multifunctional devices. Economic barriers and training requirements must be addressed to ensure equitable access.

The trajectory toward bio-intelligent prostheses is clear, if the timeline remains uncertain. As sensors miniaturize, AI capabilities expand, and materials science advances, dental implants will increasingly function not merely as replacements for missing teeth but as intelligent health interfaces contributing to comprehensive patient care. Realizing this vision will require sustained collaboration among clinicians, engineers, data scientists, regulators, and policymakers working together to ensure that innovation proceeds responsibly, equitably, and with patient benefit as the paramount goal.

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108. Omid P. Relevance between gingival hyperplasia and leukemia. Int J Acad Res. 2011; 3: 493-494.
109. Panahi O. Teledentistry: Expanding Access to Oral Healthcare. Journal of Dental Science Research Reviews & Reports. J Dental Sci Res Rep. 2024; 6: 2-3.
110. Panahi O, Ezzati A. AI in Dental-Medicine: Current Applications & Future Directions. Open Access J Clin Images. 2025; 2: 1-5.
111. Panahi O, Borhani S. Odontoiatria intelligente: Una guida completa all'intelligenza artificiale e alla robotica. 2026.
112. Panahi O. Predictive Health in Communities: Leveraging AI for Early Intervention and Prevention. Ann Community Med Prim Health Care. 2025; 3: 1027.
113. Panahi O, Esmaili DF, Kargarnezhad DS. Inteligencia artificial en odontologia, NUESTRO CONOC. Mento Publishing. ISBN. 2024.
114. Panahi O, Esmaili DF, Kargarnezhad DS. Kunstliche Intelligenz in der Zahnmedizin, Unser wissen Publishing. ISBN. 2024.
115. Panahi O. ????????? ?????? ?????? ??o?.
116. Panahi O, Arab MS, Tamson KM. Gingival enlargment and relevance with leukemia, International Journal of Academic Research. 2011.
117. Panahi O, Eslamlou SF, Jabbarzadeh M. Odontología digital e inteligencia artificial. ISBN. 2025.
118. Panahi O, Dadkhah DS. Sztuczna inteligencja w nowoczesnej stomatologii. ISBN. 2025.
119. Panahi O, Dadkhah DS. La IA en la odontologia moderna. ISBN. 2025.
120. Panahi O, Eslamlou SF, Jabbarzadeh M. Digitale Zahnmedizin und kunstliche Intelligenz. ISBN. 2025.
121. Panahi O, Esmaili DF, Kargarnezhad DS. Intelligenza artificiale in odontoiatria, SAPIENZA Publishing. ISBN. 2024.
122. Panahi O, Dadkhah DS. L'IA dans la dentisterie modern. ISBN. 2025.
123. Panahi O, Eslamlou SF, Jabbarzadeh M. Stomatologia cyfrowa i sztuczna inteligencja. ISBN. 2025.
124. Panahi O, Eslamlou SF, Jabbarzadeh M. Odontoiatria digitale e intelligenza artificiale. ISBN. 2025.
125. Panahi O, Eslamlou SF, Jabbarzadeh M. Dentisterie numerique et intelligence artificielle. ISBN. 2025.
126. Panahi O, Eslamlou SF. Le peridontium: Structure, fonction et gestion Clinique. ISBN. 2025.
127. Panahi O, Dadkhah DS. L'intelligenza artificiale nell'odontoiatria moderna. ISBN.
128. Panahi O. Celulas madre de la pulpa dental, Ediciones Nuestro Conocimiento. 2021.
129. Panahi O, Dadkhah DS. A IA na medicina dentabbbria moderna. ISBN. 2025.
130. Panahi O. Cellule staminali della polpa dentaria. ISBN. 2025.
131. Thamson K, Panahi O. Challenges and Opportunities for Implementing AI in Clinical Trials. J. of Bio Adv Sci Research. 2025; 1: 1-08.
132. Thamson K, Panahi O. Ethical Considerations and Future Directions of AI in Dental Health care. J of Bio Adv Sci Research. 2025.
133. Thamson K, Panahi O. Bridging the gap: AI, data science, and evidence-based dentistry. J of Bio Adv Sci Research. 2025.
134. Thamson K, Panahi O. Bridging the gap: AI as a collaborative tool between clinicians and researchers. J of Bio Adv Sci Research. 2025.
135. Panahi O, Dadkhah S. Transforming Dental Care: A Comprehensive Review of AI Technologies. J Stoma Dent Res. 2025; 3: 1-5.
136. Panahi O. Predictive Health in Communities: Leveraging AI for Early Intervention and Prevention. Ann Community Med Prim Health Care. 2025; 3: 1028.
137. Gholizadeh M, Panahi O. Research system in health management information systems. Sciencia Scripts Publishing. 2021.
138. Gholizadeh M, Panahi O. ??????? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????. Sciencia Scripts Publishing. 2021.
139. Panahi O, Esmaili F, Kargarnezhad S. L'intelligence artificielle dans l'odontologie. EDITION NOTRE SAVOIR Publishing. 2024.
140. Zarei S, Panahi O, NimaBahador D. Saarbucken Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of eucalyptus camaldulensis against Vibrio harveyi (PTCC1755) and Vibrio alginolyticus (MK641453. 1) LAP. 2019.
141. Panahi O. Robotics in Implant Dentistry: Current Status and Future Prospects. Scientific Archives of Dental Sciences. 2025; 7: 55-60.
142. EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS EXTRACT AS A PREVENTIVE TO THE VIBRIOSIS, MRS SAMIRA, P ZAREI, DR OMID SCHOLARS'PRESS. 2019.
143. Omid P. Empowering Dental Public Health: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Improved Oral Healthcare Access and Outcomes. JOJ Pub Health. 2024; 9: 555754.
144. Panahi O, Gholizadeh M. ??????? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????. SCIENCIA SCRIPTS Publishing. 2021.
145. Panahi O. Smart Implants: Integrating Sensors and Data Analytics for Enhanced Patient Care. Dental. 2025; 7: 22.
146. Panahi O. Forging a Healthier Future through Responsible AI in Families and Communities. Archives of Community and Family Medicine. 2025; 8: 21-30.
147. Omid P, Fatmanur KC. Nano Technology, Regenerative Medicine and, Tissue Bio-Engineering. 2023.
148. Panahi O, Esmaili DF, Kargarnezhad DS. L'intelligence artificielle dans l'odontologie, EDITION NOTRE SAVOIR Publishing Publishing. 2024.
149. Panahi O, Eslamlou SF. Periodontium: Structure, Function and Clinical Management.
150. Panahi O. Health in the Age of AI: A Family and Community Focus. Archives of Community and Family Medicine. 2025; 8: 11-20.
151. Panahi O, Shahbazpour Z. Healthcare Reimagined: AI and the Future of Clinical Practice. Am J Biomed Sci & Res. 2025; 27.
152. Panahi O, Dadkhah S. AI in modern dentistry. ISBN. 2025.
153. Panahi O. Robotic Surgery Powered by AI: Precision and Automation in the Operating Room. SunText Rev Med Clin Res. 2025; 6: 225.
154. Panahi O. Smart Materials and Sensors: Integrating Technology into Dental Restorations for Real-Time Monitoring. Journal of Dentistry and Oral Health. 2025; 2.
155. Koyuncu B, Ugur B, Panahi P. Indoor location determination by using RFIDs. International Journal of Mobile and Adhoc Network (IJMAN). 2013; 3: 7-11.
156. Uras Panahi. Redes AD HOC: Aplicacoes, Desafios, Direccoes Futuras. Edicoes Nosso Conhecimento. 2025.
157. Panahi P, Dehghan M. Multipath Video Transmission over Ad Hoc Networks Using Layer Coding and Video Caches. In ICEE2008, 16th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering. 2008; 50-55.
158. Panahi DU. HOC A Networks: Applications. Challenges, Future Directions. Scholars’ Press. 2025.
159. Panahi O, Esmaili F, Kargarnezhad S. Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry. Scholars Press Publishing. 2024.
160. Omid P. Relevance between gingival hyperplasia and leukemia. Int J Acad Res. 2011; 3: 493-49.
161. Panahi O. Secure IoT for Healthcare. European Journal of Innovative Studiesand Sustainability. 2025; 1: 1-5.
162. Panahi O. Deep Learning in Diagnostics. Journal of Medical Discoveries. 2025; 2.
163. Omid P. Artificial Intelligence in Oral Implantology, Its Applications, Impact and Challenges. Adv Dent & Oral Health. 2024; 17.
164. Panahi O. Teledentistry: Expanding Access to Oral Healthcare. Journal of Dental Science Research Reviews & Reports. 2024.
165. Omid P. Empowering Dental Public Health: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Improved Oral Healthcare Access and Outcomes. JOJ Pub Health. 2024; 9.
166. Kevin Thamson, Panahi O. Bridging the Gap: AI as a Collaborative Tool Between Clinicians and Researchers. J of Bio Adv Sci Research. 2025; 1: 1-08.
167. Panahi O. Algorithmic Medicine. Journal of Medical Discoveries. 22025; 2.
168. Panahi O. The Future of Healthcare: AI, Public Health and the Digital Revolution. Medi Clin Case Rep J. 2025; 3: 763-766.
169. Thamson K, Panahi O. Challenges and Opportunities for Implementing AI in Clinical Trials. J of Bio Adv Sci Research. 2025; 1: 1-08.
170. Thamson K, Panahi O. Ethical Considerations and Future Directions of AI in Dental Healthcare. J. of Bio Adv Sci Research, 2025; 1: 1-07.
171. Thamson K, Panahi O. Bridging the Gap: AI, Data Science, and Evidence-Based Dentistry. J of Bio Adv Sci Research. 2025; 1: 1-13.
172. Gholizadeh M, Panahi O. Research system in health management information systems. Sciencia Scripts Publishing. 2021.
173. Panahi O, Esmaili F, Kargarnezhad S. L' intelligence artificial ledansl' odontology. EDITION NOTRE SAVOIR Publishing. ISBN. 2024.
174. Panahi O, Esmaili DF, Kargarnezhad DS. ????????????? ????????? ? ????????????-SCIENCIA SCRIPTS Publishing. 2024.
175. Panahi O, AI-Powered IoT: Transforming Diagnostics and Treatment Planning in Oral Implantology, UP. J Adv Artif Intell Mach Learn. 2025.
176. Panahi O, Eslamlou SF. Periodontium: Structure, Function and Clinical Management.
177. Panahi O, Ezzati A. AI in dental-medicine: Current applications & future directions. Open Access Journal of Clinical Images. 2025; 2: 1-5.
178. Panahi O, Dadkhah S. Mitigating aflatoxin contamination in grains: The importance of postharvest management practices. Advances in Biotechnology & Microbiology. 2025; 18.
179. Panahi O. Empowering Dental Public Health: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Improved Oral Healthcare Access and Outcomes. JOJ Pub Health. 2024.
180. Omid P, Fatmanur KC. Nano Technology- Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Bio-Engineering. 2023.
181. Chaturvedi AK, Mbulaiteye SM, Engels EA. HPV-Associated Cancers in the United States Over the Last 15 Years: Has Screening or Vaccination Made Any Difference? The Oncologist. 2021; 26: 1130-1135.
182. Lalla RV, Saunders DP, Peterson DE. Chemotherapy or radiation-induced oral mucositis. Dental Clinics. 2014; 58: 341-349.
183. Vissink A, Jansma J, Spijkervet FK. Oral sequelae of head and neck radiotherapy. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine. 2003; 14: 199-212.
184. Peterson DE, Doerr W, Hovan A. Osteoradionecrosis in cancer patients: the evidence base for treatment-dependent frequency, current management strategies, and future studies. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2010; 18: 1089-1103.
185. Buglione M, Cavagnini R, Rosario F. Oral toxicity management in head and neck cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and radiation: Xerostomia and trismus (Part 2). Literature review and consensus statement. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 2016; 102: 47-54.
186. The American Academy of Oral Medicine. Dental Management of the Oral Complications of Cancer Treatment. AAOM Professional Resource. 2017.
187. Panahi O. The Algorithmic Healer: AI's Impact on Public Health Delivery. Medi Clin Case Rep J. 2025; 3: 759-762.
188. Panahi O. AI: A New Frontier in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Acta Scientific Dental Sciences. 2024; 8: 40-42.
189. Panahi O, Falkner S. Telemedicine, AI, and the Future of Public Health. Western J Med Sci & Res. 2025; 2: 102.
190. Panahi O, Esmaili DF, Kargarnezhad DS. ????????????? ????????? ? ????????????. SCIENCIA SCRIPTS Publishing. 2024.
191. Esmaielzadeh DS, Panahi O, Cay DFK. Application of Clay's in Drug Delivery in Dental Medicine. Scholars' Press. 2020.
192. Panahi O. NanoTechnology, Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Bio-Engineering. Scholars' Press. 2019.
193. Panahi O, Dadkhah DS. La IA en la odontologia moderna. ISBN. 2025.
194. Panahi O, Esmaili DF, Kargarnezhad DS. Inteligencia artificial en odontologia, NUESTRO CONOC. Mento Publishing. ISBN. 2024.
195. Panahi O, Esmaili DF, Kargarnezhad DS. Intelligenza artificiale in odontoiatria. SAPIENZA Publishing. ISBN. 2024.
196. Panahi O, Dadkhah DS. L'IA dans la dentisterie moderne. ISBN. 2025.
197. Panahi O, Eslamlou SF. Artificial Intelligence in Oral Surgery: Enhancing Diagnostics, Treatment, and Patient Care. J Clin Den & Oral Care. 2025; 3: 01-05.
198. Omid P, Soren F. The Digital Double: Data Privacy, Security, and Consent in AI Implants. Digit J Eng Sci Technol. 2025; 2: 105.
199. Panahi O, D Eslamlou SF. Le peridontium: Structure, fonction et gestion Clinique. ISBN. 2025.
200. Panahi O, Dadkhah DS. Sztuczna inteligencja w nowoczesnej stomatologii. ISBN. 2025.
201. Panahi O. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Shaping Future Health Planning. Int J Health Policy Plann. 2025; 4: 01-05.
202. Panahi O, Amirloo A. AI-enabled IT systems for improved dental practice management. On J Dent & Oral Health. 2025.
203. Panahi O, Dadkhah DS. A IA na medicina dentária moderna. ISBN. 2025.
204. Panahi O, Dadkhah DS. L'intelligenza artificiale nell'odontoiatria moderna. ISBN.
205. Panahi O, Eslamlou SF, Jabbarzadeh M. Medicina dentaria digital e inteligencia artificial. ISBN. 2025.
206. Panahi O. Cellule staminali della polpa dentaria. ISBN. 2021.
207. Panahi O. Celulas madre de la pulpa dental. Ediciones Nuestro Conocimiento. 2021.
208. Panahi O. AI-Enhanced Case Reports: Integrating Medical Imaging for Diagnostic Insights. J Case Rep Clin Images. 2025; 8: 1161.
209. Panahi O. Navigating the AI Landscape in Healthcare and Public Health. Mathews J Nurs. 2025; 7: 56.
210. Panahi O. Innovative Biomaterials for Sustainable Medical Implants: A Circular Economy Approach. European Journal of Innovative Studies and Sustainability. 2025; 1: 1-5.
211. Panahi O. ????????? ?????? ?????? ??o?.
212. Panahi O, Azarfardin A. Computer-Aided Implant Planning: Utilizing AI for Precise Placement and Predictable Outcomes. Journal of Dentistry and Oral Health.
213. Panahi O. The Rising Tide: Artificial Intelligence Reshaping Healthcare Management. S J Publc Hlth. 2024; 1: 1-3.
214. Panahi O. AI in Health Policy: Navigating Implementation and Ethical Considerations. Int J Health Policy Plann. 2025; 4: 01-05.
215. Panahi O. Bridging the Gap: AI-Driven Solutions for Dental Tissue Regeneration. Austin J Dent. 2024; 11: 1185.
216. Panahi O, Zeinalddin M. The Convergence of Precision Medicine and Dentistry: An AI and Robotics Perspective. Austin J Dent. 2024; 11: 1186.
217. Omid P. Modern Sinus Lift Techniques: Aided by AI. Glob J Oto. 2024; 26.