As stated in the abstract, a review of the articles "Physics of Gravity" and "The picture of the world according to the second law of thermodynamics" is offered [1,2]. In other words, the article proposes an alternative version of the physics of gravity and rejects all existing ones put forward over the past hundred years. The proposed hypothesis is based on the concepts of classical Newton physics, the planetary model of the structure of the atom.

The article consists of two main parts. The first part is the proposed version of the physics of gravity and temperature dependence, the second part is comments and additions to the proposed hypothesis. The proposed hypothesis explains the physics of gravity as such and the inverse temperature dependence of the forces of gravity. Explanations are given on the basis of existing obvious natural phenomena. Explanations are given based on the concepts of classical physics, without any postulates, assumptions and other conventions.

Proposed Version

Articles [1,2] are conceptually related. The articles present the mechanism of formation of gravitational forces as a cumulative reaction of the gyroscopic forces of electron rotation to the external impact of the expansion of the Universe. The articles also note the inverse temperature dependence of the forces of gravity, namely, an increase in the temperature of objects reduces the forces of gravity, and vice versa. The inverse temperature dependence is explained by the change in the rigidity of interatomic, intramolecular, intermolecular bonds depending on the temperature of the object. Interatomic, intermolecular bonds are schematically represented in the form of a lattice(for solids, liquids and gases). Electron rotation is the dynamic part of the gyroscope, interatomic and intermolecular bonds are the static part of the gyroscope. The reaction of the dynamic part is transmitted to the static part of the gyroscope. The result from external influence (gravity) depends on the rigidity of the lattice. As the temperature increases, the rigidity of the lattice decreases, and vice versa. For example, an increase in stiffness increases the effect of the reaction of the gyroscopic forces of electron rotation on the lattice itself, thereby increasing gravity, and vice versa. The proposed article [1] presents an attempt to explain the quadratic dependence of gravity forces on the distance between objects.

To understand the work of the forces of gravity, it is necessary to constantly keep in mind that the expansion of the Universe is initially, everywhere, constantly, isotropic. Accordingly, the reaction (gravity) is initially, everywhere, constantly, isotropic. Yes, there is a gravitational field. Any field must have an energy source. For the forces of gravity, this energy source is the energy of the Big Bang and its consequences – the expansion of the Universe. This field extends to the entire universe. This is an indirect proof of the common origin of all things. Yes, there are controversial statements about the fact of the Big Bang. In any case, by indirect signs, we are in the phase of the expansion process. Moreover, it is quite possible that this expansion has a local character on the scale of the multiverse.

The main property of the gyroscope is the desire to maintain its original position, the desire to return to its original position. Nature, in general, is characterized by the desire to maintain an equilibrium state. It is this property that is the main one in the formation of the forces of gravity and inertia. The proposed hypothesis does not question the existing calculation base, since it has an empirical basis.

The article "The picture of the world according to the second law of thermodynamics" [2] presents chapters: gravity, the biography of the earth, the physics of cycles of global warming and cooling, the multiverse.

Comments and Additions

The main doubts are connected with the statement that gravity has an inverse temperature dependence. With an increase in the temperature of matter, gravity decreases, and vice versa, with a decrease in the temperature of matter, gravity increases [3]. Naturally, the final answer to this question can only be given by conclusions on the relevant experiments. Conducting experiments in Terrestrial conditions is complicated by the fact that the main influence on gravity is exerted by the planet Earth. In temperature experiments, the main value is provided by the temperature of the Earth. Only very accurate measurements can show the temperature dependence. At present, in addition to the research in the works of Dmitriev A.L[3], it is possible to provide indirect evidence of the inverse temperature dependence [2]. Additional indirect evidence: the formation of clouds in the sky, an increase in the density of gases and liquids during cooling, and so on. It is quite possible to assume the existence of a gravitational component in the processes of separation and condensation of matter. At least it is the gravitational component that forms galaxies, planets. It is quite possible to assume the identity of the separation and condensation processes at the macro- and mini-level.

So, inside the conglomerate "cloud", the presence of a gravitational component is allowed in the process of increasing density during cooling. (Here we mean the gravitational component of the temperature change. Vertical density changes in the atmosphere have a gravitational component beyond doubt). The increase in density manifests itself in the processes of separation, condensation and convection of gaseous and liquid media. In these processes, the temperature difference is 5-10⁰C. Currently, the change in density from temperature is presented as the cause of these processes. If you look deeper, then the change in density is a consequence, the cause is the inverse temperature dependence of the forces of gravity. The processes inside the conglomerate are conditioned by the search for an equilibrium state. As the temperature inside the conglomerate equalizes, the density also equalizes, the cloud "dissolves". The example of cloud formation also shows that the forces of gravity are isotropic, that gravity exists not only between the atmosphere and the Earth, but also inside the atmosphere, for example. The existing theories of gravity do not consider this moment at all [4].

The existing theories of gravity do not explain the identity of the physics of the forces of gravity and the forces of inertia. A heuristic moment is given, but no explanation is given. In the proposed hypothesis [1], this explanation is given as a reaction of the gyroscopic forces of rotation of electrons. It should also be noted that the gyroscopic effect occurs during any rotation, whether in orbit, whether around its axis. Matter tends to an equilibrium state. The forces of inertia and the forces of gravity are one of the manifestations of this desire.

The main conclusion of the article is that the gyroscopic forces of rotation of electrons are the basis for the formation of gravitational forces. The forces of gravity are the cumulative reaction of the gyroscopic forces of rotation of electrons from the expansion of the universe. It should also be noted that the expansion of the Universe has an isotropic character, gravitational forces act on everything that exists initially and constantly. Gravity is an indirect evidence of the common origin of all things – visible and invisible.

The basis of the forces of gravity is the dynamics of the rotation of electrons, the combined gyroscopic forces from the rotation of electrons. With changes in temperature and distances between objects, the main influence on the change in gravitational forces is exerted by the forces of interatomic, intramolecular and intermolecular bonds, which form a kind of rigid lattice. The formation of a "rigid lattice" does not contradict the concepts of nuclear interactions. Changes in body temperature, distances between bodies change the rigidity of this lattice, respectively, the reaction forces, respectively, the forces of gravity. It is also necessary to note the general nature of the forces of gravity and inertia. The article "Physics of Gravity. The inverse temperature dependence. Experiments" is currently being prepared for publication.

Before the publication of articles on gravity related to the gyroscopic forces of rotation of electrons, there was an opinion that the forces of gravity prevent the expansion of the Universe. The proposed series of articles clarifies that the forces of gravity caused by the Expansion of the Universe, and indeed in dynamics, prevent the expansion of the Universe like the forces of inertia. The Earth is in the Solar System conglomerate, the Solar System is in the Milky Way Galaxy conglomerate, the Milky Way is in the Universe conglomerate. All these conglomerates are initially under the influence of the Big Bang impulse. The kinetic energy of the explosion is partially transformed into the potential energy of gravitational forces. It should also be noted that there is a process of expansion on the scale of the Universe, and a process of compression on the scale of the galaxy. This phenomenon of dualism does not contradict the dynamics of the expansion of the Universe as a whole.

1. Kuzminov IV. The Physics of Gravity. Breakthrough Hypothesis. WASET Conference, code paper.
2. Kuzminov IV. Picture of the World by the Second Law of Thermodynamic” WASET Conference, code paper: 23NL110093.
3. Dmitriev AL. A simple experiment confirming the negative temperature dependence of gravity. J Eng Phy. 2012; 3: 48-51;
4. Kuzminov IV. Physics of Gravity. Comments and criticism of existing views. Am J Planetary and Space Sci. 2023; 2.