Tourism is an activity related to beauty and pleasure; at a time, tourism is a vulnerable industry to natural disasters [1]. Tourism in Indonesia is one of the industrial sectors with positive growth but is very volatile because it is easily influenced by several factors, including; natural disasters, safety, security, and health. A tourism disaster management approach is urgently needed to create an ideal tourism area for tourists, tourism actors, and people who make a living in the tourism sector to anticipate disasters and their social amplification [2]. Indonesia is a tropical country with very diverse tourism potential. Still, it is vulnerable to natural disasters [3] because it is an archipelagic country with landscapes and geographical characteristics as tourism potential that can attract tourists [4]. Indonesia has 17,480 islands with biodiversity, often described as a tropical paradise with all its beauty [5]. On the other hand, Indonesia is prone to disasters because it is located at the meeting point of three tectonic plates called the Pacific Ring of Fire, so it has the potential to experience natural disasters [6], including; tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, abrasion, and floods [7-9]. Hydrometeorological disasters are natural disasters that dominate Indonesia, reaching more than 95% namely; floods, landslides, and typhoons [10].

Bantul Regency is located in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The geographical conditions of Bantul Regency include hills, fertile agricultural areas, sandy natural conditions, and lagoons as potential resources to be developed into tourist attractions. Based on the National Tourism Development Master Plan, Bantul Regency is included in the National Tourism Strategy Area of the south coast of Yogya and its surroundings. Meanwhile, based on the Regional Tourism Development Master Plan, Bantul Regency has two Regional Tourism Areas: Kasongan- Tembi-Wukirsari and its surroundings and Parangtritis-Depok-Kuwaru and its surroundings.

Bantul Regency is vulnerable to natural disasters because it borders the Indonesian Ocean in the south, resulting in potential floods and tsunamis in areas along the south coast. Natural disasters that have the potential to occur in Bantul Regency include floods, tornadoes, tidal waves, landslides, and tsunamis. One of the biggest natural disasters in Bantul Regency was the 5.9 magnitude earthquake in 2006. The earthquake occurred due to the collision between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate 150-180 km south of the coastline of Java [11]. The earthquake, which lasted about 57 seconds, caused damage to various tourism facilities and infrastructure and a bad image of a tourist destination. The damage to various infrastructure facilities and the decline in tourism in Bantul Regency's image after the earthquake impacted tourist interest, as seen from the graph of tourist visits in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Graph of Tourist Visits in Bantul Regency 2003- 2009 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics of Yogyakarta Special Region (2004-2010).

Figure 1 shows that the number of tourist visits in 2006 experienced a significant decline of 60.38% due to the earthquake. This data shows that disaster mitigation is critical to anticipate post-disaster impacts. Recovery and rearrangement of post-disaster tourist areas require various time and recovery levels [12]. Disaster mitigation programs must be implemented to minimize disaster risk. Mitigation efforts are complemented by spatial data in disaster risk maps in tourist areas as a reference for disaster management [13].

The management of tourist destinations in Bantul Regency experiences obstacles in disaster management because there needs to be a strategic plan for disaster management [14]. In this case, a crisis and disaster study is needed to identify the disaster centre and the range of disaster impacts [15]. The development of the tourism sector in Bantul Regency must implement detailed area mapping to determine the designation of tourist destination areas. The development of tourism potential in Bantul Regency must consider natural phenomena that impact the tourist experience, the number of tourist visits, and the tourist interest [16].

Through two stages, this research aims to develop a detailed plan for tourism areas in disaster-prone destinations in Bantul Regency. The first stage is to map the distribution of tourism objects in disaster-prone areas and make zoning based on the type of disaster through spatial analysis. The second stage makes recommendations for tourism development based on zoning. The detailed plan presents comprehensive data, including mapping the area based on disaster aspects and tourism potential as recommendations for sustainable tourism development based on disaster mitigation. Data on disaster-prone areas becomes an educational tool and reference for preparing human resources as actors and tourism enthusiasts in disaster-prone areas [17].

Spatial-Based Tourism Development

The spatial approach is one of the advantages of contemporary tourism geography research [18], which is a quantitative study of the phenomenon of a tourism area [19]. Spatial analysis has a multidimensional concept that is very dynamic because it can respond to technological developments that supply spatial information, including; Global Positioning System (GPS) and cellular phones [20]. Spatial analysis can respond to new research challenges related to environmental, socio-economic, and global changes [21] involving tourism [22]. A comprehensive spatial analysis guides the reorganization of a tourism area through the planning and development process. Spatial analysis affects several fields relevant to tourism studies, including; retail, housing studies, marketing, economics, transportation studies, urban and regional planning [23], regional development, and visitor behaviour [24]. Spatial-based studies in tourism are critical to realizing a holistic understanding of the tourism phenomenon [25], which is grouped into three categories: descriptive studies, descriptive statistics, and spatial econometric models. Descriptive studies using spatial analysis aim to examine spatial characteristics, tourist profiles, spatial attitudes, tourist behaviour, tourism employment clustering, and accommodation companies [26]. Spatial analysis is influenced by social elements that can be a reference for decision-making [27].

Spatial methods use geographic information systems to develop several applications in the field of tourism to analyze information on a tourist area which is divided into two categories, namely, spatial decision support applications and spatial statistical support applications [28]. Both applications are used to integrate data and analyze spatial patterns of tourism [29]. Spatial decision support applications are designed to integrate four types of relevant data, namely tourism characteristics [30], actual temporal-spatial behaviour [31], landscape elements and tourist sites [32], and images at a location [33]. Decision support applications are designed to analyze the overall temporal-spatial behaviour and derive optimal conclusions [34]. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology can produce spatial analysis visualizations showing the area's potential as a reference for policymakers in tourism planning and development [35].

Tourism Area Zoning

Tourism zones are divided into two groups, namely core zones and buffer zones. The core zone is the main area to assess the sustainability of activities or maintenance of environmental quality in an area. The buffer zone is between two or more areas to protect the core area. The buffer zone is determined based on several factors: spatial design, socio-political, economic, environmental, and stakeholder agreement [36]. Tourism zoning effectively systematizes tourist area information to realize sustainable tourism development through tourist zone mapping [37]. Zoning is an instrument of sustainable development through optimized recreational and natural resources by; monitoring recreation, diversifying tourism products, creating protected areas, and coordinating activities in tourist areas [38].

Tourism zoning considers several criteria, including the location of tourist resources, the function of using tourist resources, the accessibility of tourist resources, the level of tourist infrastructure development, the peculiarities of natural development, and the history of tourist areas [37]. Geographic tourism zoning uses four principles, namely the objectivity of the formation of regional characteristics, the complexity of assessing the type of region, the hierarchy of taxonomic units, and the ability to determine tasks in zoning. Operational units in zoning are divided into zoning within the boundaries of administrative divisions and zoning within the boundaries of natural territorial complexes. Determining the boundaries of territorial units and taxonomic zoning is based on using a combination of tourist resources that allow the development of several types of tourism in a natural area [37].

Zoning tourist areas consider hub-and-spoke consumption patterns through the involvement of tourists in multi- destination trips [39-40]. The process of tourism area zoning is carried out with four considerations: regional differences, internal tourism development, exploring existing tourism resources, and allocating the most perspective tourism areas [37]. Tourism area zoning is used to evaluate prospective tourism activities identified by considering tourism resources and infrastructure for regional tourism development, both internal and external [37]. Tourism area zoning can be determined based on different types of natural resource use as an economic practice. The grouping of tourism use types considers two tourism priorities, namely recreation or conservation, as the basis for zoning, which is divided into five zones: recreation-conservation, economy-recreation, conservation-recreation, recreation-economy, and economy-conservation [38]. The concept of zoning is indispensable for conservation and sustainable development, as well as for realizing regional landscapes according to their characteristics [41].

Disaster-prone Tourism Areas

Disaster-prone areas have three characteristics: sterile areas not intended for tourism, areas with specific requirements, and ideal areas for tourism development by implementing mitigation programs [42]. Disaster management in tourist destinations can be done through structural and non-structural mitigation. Structural mitigation is an effort to minimize disasters by constructing various physical facilities and infrastructure using a technological approach, while various efforts outside of this are non-structural mitigation efforts [13]. The tourism disaster management framework includes several elements: strategy, process, and response to disaster management [14]. The disaster management process includes several periods: pre-event, emergency, subsiding conditions, recovery time, and long-term resolution. Crisis and disaster management can be done with a strategic and holistic management approach, including; proactive planning, strategic formulation, strategic implementation, organizational learning, and feedback as a form of evaluation of the implementation of crisis management strategies [43]. Crisis and disaster knowledge in tourism must be well managed through collecting, storing, processing, and disseminating knowledge for post-disaster recovery planning and prevention. Crisis and disaster knowledge are developed as integral to a destination's comprehensive disaster mitigation planning process [44].

Internal and external aspects influence resilience in tourism industry management. One of the internal aspects, namely confidence in the success of management reflected in local champions, namely high-quality leaders, proactive, visionary, risk-taking, and making various efforts to ensure the continuity and resilience of the tourism industry in the face of disasters. External aspects that influence industry resilience include; the ability to survive disasters, not be affected by past disasters, and maintain tourist interest [45]. Internal factors are essential in realizing sustainability, while external factors can accelerate business recovery and rise from adversity. Disaster management's success significantly impacts investors' interest, who will contribute to tourism development in a tourist destination.

Tourism in rural areas is vulnerable to natural disasters. Disasters in tourism can cause physical and non- physical damage, including; decreased destination image and reputation, damage to infrastructure, damage to agricultural land, reduced interest in tourist visits, and decreased local community income [45]. Disasters that often hit rural areas are grouped into two categories: area and location-specific disasters. Area-specific disasters include floods and earthquakes, while location-specific disasters include landslides. These conditions make rural tourism a livelihood very vulnerable to disasters, so reasonable mitigation efforts are needed.

The success of disaster management depends on the characteristics of the region. The success of rural-based tourism management is influenced by substantial social, economic, and environmental capital to bounce back from adversity and rebuild disaster-affected communities. Meanwhile, disaster mitigation efforts in coastal areas are influenced by the availability of several aspects that provide a sense of security and comfort for visiting tourists, including; making and installing disaster-prone maps, adding evacuation signs, maps of evacuation routes, shelters, coastal belts or buildings as breakwaters, and monitoring towers [1]. These various strategies allow tourism areas to recover faster, develop more advanced, and maintain the level of tourist visits [45].

Natural disasters in tourism areas are not the leading cause of decreased interest in tourist visits but are more influenced by the disseminated destination image. This fact becomes a reference for tourism managers that the impact of natural disasters cannot avoid tourism development. However, practical recovery efforts can be made through destination image rehabilitation. Forming a post-disaster destination image can reduce risk, impact the perception of safety, and encourage tourists' desire to recommend tourist destinations [46]. Safety is a consideration for tourists in choosing tourist destinations, so disaster-prone tourist areas must prepare for planning and management of tourist areas by considering aspects of the disaster. Tourism managers must strive to develop safety assurance through disaster preparedness to realize a comfortable and safe tourist area based on disaster mitigation to manage tourism potential optimally [47].

Post-disaster tourist areas related to tourist visits are divided into two conditions: tourists returning in a short time after the disaster and tourists returning for a longer time. Tourists who return quickly tend to have a negative impact because they increase chaos in tourist areas. In contrast, tourists who return for a longer time have a positive impact through the return of economic conditions from tourism activities [48].

The research uses a qualitative approach to explore and understand the natural conditions of tourism in disaster- prone areas [49] to interpret and gain a deeper understanding of these conditions. This explorative approach is used to explore and describe destination problems in disaster-prone areas in Bantul Regency that must be resolved and become a reference for further research [50]. The research locations were two strategic regional tourism areas in Bantul Regency, disaster-prone areas, namely the Kasongan-Tembi-Wukirsari area and its surroundings and the Parangtritis-Depok-Kuwaru area and its surroundings. Data collection was conducted through field observations and FGDs. Field observations were conducted through field exploration to explore natural conditions and map tourism potential based on disaster vulnerability in the strategic tourism area of Bantul Regency. Data obtained from observations were confirmed through focus group discussions (FGDs) as a data validation process. The FGD was conducted at the tourism office of Bantul Regency on September 22, 2022, with participants who could provide accurate information related to tourism development in the two areas, namely staff of the tourism office, spatial planning office, and regional planning agency. The data collected through observations and FGDs were used to formulate area development plans, and maps were prepared using an overlay system.

Data analysis techniques are carried out through; data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing [51]. The distribution of tourist destinations in strategic and potential disaster-prone areas was designed with overlay techniques from several maps: strategic tourism area maps, spatial plan maps, disaster vulnerability maps, and tourist attraction distribution maps. The research aims to develop a detailed plan of tourism areas in disaster-prone areas in Bantul Regency through two stages. The first stage is mapping the distribution of tourist attractions in disaster-prone areas through zoning based on potential types of disasters. The second stage makes recommendations for tourism development based on zoning. The detailed plan presents comprehensive data, including mapping the area based on disaster aspects and tourism potential as recommendations in sustainable tourism development based on disaster mitigation. The research flow of thought is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Research Thinking Flow Source: Researcher (2022).

Overview of Bantul Regency

Bantul Regency is one of the regencies in the Special Region of Yogyakarta that is prone to natural disasters. During 2016-2020, it was recorded that natural disasters in Yogyakarta were landslides, earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes (Yogyakarta Regional Planning Authority, 2021). Bantul Regency was chosen as a research location because it is a disaster-prone tourist area, especially in earthquakes. Bantul Regency has an area of 506.85 km² covering 17 sub-districts and 75 villages, with the southern border being the Indonesian Ocean which has the potential to become an earthquake centre (Bantul Regency, 2022).

Based on regional regulation No. 1 of 2019 concerning the regional tourism development master plan, Bantul Regency has two strategic tourism areas, as follows:

• Kasongan-Tembi-Wukirsari area and its surroundings
• According to Yogyakarta Regional Tourism Development Master Plan, the Kasongan-Tembi-Wukirsari area and its surroundings have several tourist destinations, namely Kasongan Pottery Tourism Village (B1.1), Gabusan Art Market (B1.2), Manding Tourism Village (B1.3), Tembi House of Culture (B1.4), Tegal Dam (B1. 5), Kebonagung Imogiri Tourism Village (B1.6), Wukirsari Puppet Tourism (B1.7), Cerme Cave (B1.8), Imogiri Tomb of the Kings
• (B1.9), Potrobayan Pundong Tourism Village (B1.10), Japanese Cave (B1.11), Mangunan Fruit Farm (B1.12), Selarong Cave (B1.13), and Krebet Tourism Village (B1.14).
• Parangtritis-Depok-Kuwaru area and its surroundings.
• According to Yogyakarta Regional Tourism Development Master Plan, the Parangtritis, Depok, Kuwaru, and surrounding areas include Parangtritis Beach (B2.1), Depok Beach (B2.2), Gumuk Pasir (B2.3), Parangkusumo Beach (B2.4), Kuwaru Beach (B2.5), Baru Beach (B2.6), Samas Beach (B2.7), and Cemara Cave Pantao (B2.8).

The Delineation Map of the two strategic tourism areas can be seen in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Map of the two strategic tourism areas Source: Map Overlay (2022).

Area mapping is carried out to zonate tourist areas based on the types of natural disasters that often occur. The mapping aims to identify the potential in Bantul Regency based on the level of disaster-prone that may occur as a reference for tourism development by implementing disaster mitigation. The tourism map is designed by presenting the distribution of tourist attractions in the strategic tourism area of Bantul Regency in detail equipped with the level of disaster, as presented in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Mapping of Disaster-Prone Tourism Areas in Bantul Regency Source: Map Overlay (2022).

Tourism zoning formed from disaster vulnerability mapping creates systematic information to realize sustainable and disaster mitigation-based tourism development in the Bantul Regency [37] through creating protected areas and managing tourism activities following disaster vulnerability conditions [38]. Zoning in strategic areas in Bantul Regency is part of tourism management planning that is useful for the decision-making process in determining tourism market segments. The mapping of tourist attractions based on disaster potential is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Distribution of Tourist Attraction Based on Disaster Vulnerability.

Source: Data Analysis (2022).

Based on Table 1, five types of disasters may occur in tourist destinations in the strategic tourism area of Bantul regency, namely, tsunami, extreme wave, landslide, earthquake, and flood. Earthquake disaster is the dominating disaster and has the potential to hit all destinations, while landslide disaster is a relatively small potential disaster. Parangtritis-Depok-Kuwaru and its surroundings (B2) are detected to be more disaster-prone than area B1. Potential disasters that are relatively threatening in area B2, namely tsunamis, extreme waves, earthquakes, and floods, with relatively high levels. However, area B2 is declared free from landslides. While in area B1, the most dominant potential disaster is an earthquake. Landslides are only found in three destinations but have a high level: Cerme Cave, Tomb of the Imogiri Kings, and Mangunan Fruit Orchard. In contrast, flood disasters have the potential in seven destinations with low and medium strength. They are declared free from potential tsunamis and extreme waves because they have locations safe from the coast.

Based on the map in Figure 2 and Table 1 regarding the mapping of disaster-prone tourism areas, three characteristics of the area can be determined: sterile areas, conditional areas, and ideal areas [42]. Sterile areas are not intended for tourist activities due to disaster vulnerability. Areas considered sterile are near the shoreline of at least 100 m. The area must be free from all forms of activity because it is prone to disasters. Conditional areas can be designated for tourism development but with specific requirements according to their characteristics. Conditional areas can be seen in Table 1, namely areas with high, fair, and low disaster potential. The area allows for destination development but fulfils various requirements to ensure the safety of tourists. Ideal areas meet the criteria for tourism development by implementing mitigation programs. Ideal areas for tourism development, namely areas that do not have disaster potential, as shown in Table 1. The area is ideal for tourism development without abandoning the concept of mitigation.

Tourism Development Recommendations Based on Zoning

Implementing disaster mitigation in strategic tourism areas in Bantul Regency involves several stages, namely pre-disaster in anticipation, when a disaster occurs, and post-disaster recovery of physical and non-physical conditions [43]. One form of disaster anticipation is managing disaster knowledge that impacts tourism activities through collecting, storing, processing, and disseminating knowledge for disaster planning and prevention in Bantul Regency. Disaster knowledge is developed as an integral part of a comprehensive disaster mitigation planning process at tourism destinations in the Bantul Regency [44].

Efforts to recover post-disaster tourism areas in Bantul Regency significantly affect the destination's sustainability. Disasters in Bantul Regency are not the leading cause of the decline in post-disaster tourist visits, but the level of post-disaster recovery. Practical recovery efforts through destination image rehabilitation can reduce risk, increase the perception of safety to visit and encourage tourists' desire to recommend tourist destinations in Bantul Regency [46].

Mitigation is a disaster management effort to manage and overcome the impact of disasters early on. Implementing mitigation in the tourism area of Bantul Regency is grouped in two ways: structural and non-structural [3]. Structural mitigation is carried out by developing various physical facilities and infrastructure using a technological approach. In contrast, non-structural mitigation is carried out through the development of various non- physical aspects, including increasing human resource capacity. Structural mitigation in the strategic tourism area of Bantul Regency, including; (i). Conducting various disaster prevention efforts, including; construction of earthquake- resistant tourism facilities and infrastructure, and equipped with evacuation routes and places, (ii). Conducting mangrove tree planting programs, mangroves, and forest reforestation to anticipate potential flooding, (iii). Optimal utilization of technology for disaster mitigation, and (iv). Supervision of spatial planning processes and environmental management. Non-structural mitigation in the strategic tourism area of Bantul Regency, including; (i). Improving preparedness programs as a form of disaster response planning based on disasters that have occurred, (ii). Conducting regular introduction and monitoring of potential disasters, (iii). Participatory planning for disaster management and development of disaster awareness culture, (iv). Developing disaster management programs, (v). Conducting post- disaster destination image rehabilitation programs, (vi). Program for the introduction of sources of danger or disaster threats, and (vii). Conducting planning activities, including hazard identification, vulnerability identification, risk assessment, and land use planning. Specifically, mitigation efforts in the strategic tourism area of Bantul Regency based on the mapping of tourist destinations are carried out in four groups: tourism and extreme wave, landslide, flood, and earthquakes.

Tsunamis and extreme wave disasters can affect all tourist destinations in the Parangtritis-Depok-Kuwaru strategic area and its surroundings. All of these destinations are detected to have high tsunami potential. High extreme wave potential is detected in Kuwaru and Baru Beach; the moderate potential is detected in Parangtritis Beach, Depok, Parangkusumo, Samas, and Goa Cemara, while Sand Dunes is declared free from extreme wave threats. The Parangtritis area is a sloping and enchanting beach with rocky and sandy hills, unique because of the dunes. The development of tourist areas must consider the safe distance from the shore. This area has the potential to suffer the most damage in the event of a tsunami and extreme waves, so wave-retaining plants are needed, namely Mangroves, Palms, Ketapang, Waru, Banyan, Mangroves, Pandanus, and other types. Developing infrastructures based on tsunami and extreme wave mitigation, such as breakwater structures, is also necessary.

Based on the topography, the potential for landslides is minimal in both strategic areas. The data shows that three destinations have a high potential for landslides: Cerme Cave, Tomb of the Imogiri Kings, and Mangunan Fruit Orchard. Other destinations are relatively safe from potential landslides. The development of tourist destinations in the three destinations should strive for landslide disaster-based infrastructure and non-infrastructure development, including retaining walls, drainage channels, evacuation roads, tree planting, and landslide disaster training and simulation.

Flood disasters can hit all destinations in area B2 at low and medium levels. In area B1, two destinations have the potential to flood at a moderate level, namely Gabusan Art Market and community-based tourism (CBT) of Manding, and five destinations with low flood potential, namely CBT of Kasongan Earthenware, Tembi Culture House, Tegal Dam, CBT of Kebonagung Imogiri, and CBT of Potrobayan Pundong. The development of tourist destinations in flood-prone areas must pay attention to the safe distance from flood sources, develop tourist destinations based on environmental conservation, and design flood disaster-based infrastructure.

Earthquake is a disaster detected to hit all tourist destinations in both strategic tourism areas. High earthquake disaster potential is detected in several destinations, namely, CBT of Manding, Tembi Culture House, Tegal Dam, CBT of Kebonagung Imogiri, CBT of Putrobayan Pundong, and beach areas including; Parangtritis, Depok, Parangkusumo, Kuwaru, Baru, and San Dunes, while other destinations fall into the low and medium categories. The development of tourist destinations in earthquake-prone areas emphasizes the development of earthquake-resistant infrastructure.

Other development recommendations that can be implemented in tourist destinations in the strategic tourism area of Bantul Regency namely; (i). Develop culture-based tourism areas: Imogiri, Dlingo, Tembi, and Parangkusumo, (ii). Develop craft-based tourism areas, namely Wukirsari as a producer of traditional batik, Kasongan and Pundong as producers of traditional pottery, Krebet as a centre for wood crafts, Tembi as a centre for handicrafts, Manding leather crafts, and Gabusan as a centre for various crafts in Bantul Regency, (iii). Develop an agriculture-based tourism area, namely Kebonagung (iv). Develop water-based tourism areas, namely Goa Cerme as a cave tour and Bendung Tegal as a water and sports tourism area (v). Developing nature-based tourism areas, namely Imogiri (Mangunan and Pine Forest), Japanese Cave, Becici Peak, Seribu Batu Songo Langit, and Panguk Dlingo Peak (vi). Developing history-based tourism areas, namely Selarong Cave and Japanese Cave (vii). Developing family and educational tourism areas, namely Parangtritis Beach, Kuwaru Beach, Cemara Cave, Samas, Baru Beach, and Cemara Cave Beach as a turtle conservation area (vii). Developing culinary-based tourism areas, namely Depok Beach, as a culinary tourism area for marine products (viii). Developing Barchans Sand Dunes as a geospatial conservation area and biosphere reserve (ix). Developing public transportation services integrated with tourist destination locations and traffic support facilities, including; parking areas, pedestrian paths, and complementary road facilities (x). Improve public transportation integrated with park-and-ride services in the Parangtritis-Depok-Kuwaru area and its surroundings (xi). Development of Light Rapid Transportation (LRT) connecting the beaches in the southern region of Bantul on the southern causeway (xii). Develop living culture-based tour packages with integrated international standard products and services.

Mapping tourism areas based on disaster vulnerability is very important as a reference for disaster mitigation to realize sustainable tourism. Bantul Regency has two strategic regional tourism areas, namely the Kasongan-Tembi- Wukirsari area and its surroundings (B1) and the Parangtritis-Depok-Kuwaru area and its surroundings (B2), which offer 22 tourist destinations. Bantul Regency is an area that has disaster vulnerabilities, including earthquakes, tsunamis, extreme waves, floods, and landslides. Earthquakes are the most dominant disaster and have the potential to hit all tourist destinations. At the same time, landslides are the relatively lowest disaster, with potential only in three destinations: Cerme Cave, Tomb of the Imogiri Kings, and Mangunan Fruit Orchard. Disaster mitigation recommendations are formulated specifically according to each destination's characteristics and disaster potential by implementing structural and non-structural mitigation.

This research uses an exploratory approach that describes tourism mapping by emphasizing disaster-prone tourism areas. Future research can analyse tourism development in disaster-prone areas by emphasizing development patterns in the core and buffer zones.

The authors particularly thank the Tourism Authority of Bantul Regency, the Spatial Planning Authority of Bantul Regency, and the Regional Planning Agency of Bantul regency for help in field investigation and data collection.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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